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      Associations of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in job stress and burnout: A systematic review

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          Abstract

          This systematic review examines the relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity on the one hand and job stress and burnout on the other, and is registered at PROSPERO under CRD42016035918. Background: Previous research has shown that prolonged job stress may lead to burnout, and that differences in heart rate variability are apparent in people who have heightened job stress. Aims: In this systematic review, the associations between job stress or burnout and heart rate (variability) or skin conductance are studied. Besides, it was investigated which–if any–guidelines are available for ambulatory assessment and reporting of the results. Methods: We extracted data from relevant databases following the PRESS checklist and contacted authors for additional resources. Participants included the employed adult population comparing validated job stress and burnout questionnaires examining heart rate and electrodermal activity. Synthesis followed the PRISMA guidelines of reporting systematic reviews. Results: The results showed a positive association between job stress and heart rate, and a negative association between job stress and heart rate variability measures. No definite conclusion could be drawn with regard to burnout and psychophysiological measures. No studies on electrodermal activity could be included based on the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: High levels of job stress are associated with an increased heart rate, and decreased heart rate variability measures. Recommendations for ambulatory assessment and reporting (STROBE) are discussed in light of the findings.

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          The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system.

          The evolution of the autonomic nervous system provides an organizing principle to interpret the adaptive significance of physiological responses in promoting social behavior. According to the polyvagal theory, the well-documented phylogenetic shift in neural regulation of the autonomic nervous system passes through three global stages, each with an associated behavioral strategy. The first stage is characterized by a primitive unmyelinated visceral vagus that fosters digestion and responds to threat by depressing metabolic activity. Behaviorally, the first stage is associated with immobilization behaviors. The second stage is characterized by the sympathetic nervous system that is capable of increasing metabolic output and inhibiting the visceral vagus to foster mobilization behaviors necessary for 'fight or flight'. The third stage, unique to mammals, is characterized by a myelinated vagus that can rapidly regulate cardiac output to foster engagement and disengagement with the environment. The mammalian vagus is neuroanatomically linked to the cranial nerves that regulate social engagement via facial expression and vocalization. As the autonomic nervous system changed through the process of evolution, so did the interplay between the autonomic nervous system and the other physiological systems that respond to stress, including the cortex, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the neuropeptides of oxytocin and vasopressin, and the immune system. From this phylogenetic orientation, the polyvagal theory proposes a biological basis for social behavior and an intervention strategy to enhance positive social behavior.
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            Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand–Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being

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              Vagal nerve stimulation: a review of its applications and potential mechanisms that mediate its clinical effects.

              Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is an approved treatment for epilepsy and is currently under investigation as a therapy for other disorders, including depression, anxiety and Alzheimer's disease. This review examines the pre-clinical and clinical literature relating to VNS. A brief historical perspective is given, followed by consideration of the efficacy of the various clinical applications of VNS. Finally, what is known about the mechanism by which VNS exerts clinical benefit is considered. It is concluded that although the precise mechanism of action of VNS is still unknown, the search for the mechanism has the potential to lend new insight into the neuropathology of depression. It is important that prior assumptions about the influence of VNS on particular aspects of brain function do not constrain the investigations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                18 October 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 10
                : e0205741
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [2 ] Wier, Specialized and Forensic Care, Fivoor, Den Dolder, The Netherlands
                [3 ] Expertcentre “De Borg”, Den Dolder, The Netherlands
                [4 ] Psychology of Conflict, Risk and Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
                [5 ] Department of Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
                [6 ] Trajectum, Specialized and Forensic Care, Zwolle, The Netherlands
                Universita degli Studi di Pisa, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0950-3419
                Article
                PONE-D-18-01101
                10.1371/journal.pone.0205741
                6193670
                30335812
                c2ea15fc-e0b6-49d4-8817-687dd1bb9a30
                © 2018 de Looff et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 11 January 2018
                : 1 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 24
                Funding
                Funded by: Department of Justice The Netherlands
                Award Recipient :
                This research was funded by a grant from “De Borg” and “DForZo”(Directie Forensische Zorg). De Borg is a collaboration of four mental health organizations for the clinical treatment of people with behavior disorders and mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual disabilities (MID- BIF). DForZo is part of “DJI” (Dienst Justitiele Inrichtingen) and is responsible for executing detention sentences on people that are sentenced by the justice system. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. PdL received funding.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Social Sciences
                Economics
                Labor Economics
                Employment
                Jobs
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Cardiology
                Heart Rate
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Assessment
                Systematic Reviews
                Social Sciences
                Economics
                Labor Economics
                Employment
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Nervous System
                Peripheral Nervous System
                Autonomic Nervous System
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Nervous System
                Peripheral Nervous System
                Autonomic Nervous System
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Metaanalysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Metaanalysis
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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