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      Beyond Mere Presence: Gender Norms in Oral Arguments at the U.S. Supreme Court

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      Political Research Quarterly
      SAGE Publications

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          Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women

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            Linguistic styles: language use as an individual difference.

            Can language use reflect personality style? Studies examined the reliability, factor structure, and validity of written language using a word-based, computerized text analysis program. Daily diaries from 15 substance abuse inpatients, daily writing assignments from 35 students, and journal abstracts from 40 social psychologists demonstrated good internal consistency for over 36 language dimensions. Analyses of the best 15 language dimensions from essays by 838 students yielded 4 factors that replicated across written samples from another 381 students. Finally, linguistic profiles from writing samples were compared with Thematic Apperception Test coding, self-reports, and behavioral measures from 79 students and with self-reports of a 5-factor measure and health markers from more than 1,200 students. Despite modest effect sizes, the data suggest that linguistic style is an independent and meaningful way of exploring personality.
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              Penalties for success: reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks.

              A total of 242 subjects participated in 3 experimental studies investigating reactions to a woman's success in a male gender-typed job. Results strongly supported the authors' hypotheses, indicating that (a) when women are acknowledged to have been successful, they are less liked and more personally derogated than equivalently successful men (Studies 1 and 2); (b) these negative reactions occur only when the success is in an arena that is distinctly male in character (Study 2); and (c) being disliked can have career-affecting outcomes, both for overall evaluation and for recommendations concerning organizational reward allocation (Study 3). These results were taken to support the idea that gender stereotypes can prompt bias in evaluative judgments of women even when these women have proved themselves to be successful and demonstrated their competence. The distinction between prescriptive and descriptive aspects of gender stereotypes is considered, as well as the implications of prescriptive gender norms for women in work settings. (c) 2004 APA
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Political Research Quarterly
                Political Research Quarterly
                SAGE Publications
                1065-9129
                1938-274X
                May 04 2019
                May 04 2019
                : 106591291984700
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, USA
                Article
                10.1177/1065912919847001
                c2ff379c-1db1-41dc-9a24-244e05b0f370
                © 2019

                http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license

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