Hungarian male water polo players’ body composition can predict specific playing positions and highlight different nutritional needs for optimal sports performance

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Abstract

Background

Water polo is unique among aquatic—and generally other—sports as it includes cyclic elements typical in swimming and acyclic elements occurring mainly in ball games. Moreover, water polo demands high level of technical and tactical skills. Players need an optimal nutritional and physical condition to achieve high athletic performance, which is to a great extend influenced by nutritional habits. We aim to highlight possible shortfalls in players’ nutritional intake in relation to positions played within the team.

Methods

In the present study, we determined the anthropometric and body composition characteristics, dietary habits and laboratory parameters of elite adult male water polo players (n = 19) before the start of the championship and at the end of the regular season, which meant a 4-month intervention period. Analyses of body composition characteristics and nutritional habits were performed using bioimpedance analyzer InBody 770 and a 3-day nutrition diary, respectively. Paired-sample t-test were used to determine the differences between the variables measured before and after the championship. Correlations between the anthropometric and body composition characteristics and different serum parameters were analyzed using linear correlation calculation. K-mean cluster analysis was performed using the anthropometric and body composition characteristics of the athletes.

Results

Based on anthropometric and body composition characteristics, players can be divided into two significantly different clusters that shows an association with specific playing positions. Cluster I included goalkeepers and wing players, while defenders, centers, and shooters belonged to Cluster II. We observed significant differences in the physical composition and slight but not significant differences in nutritional habits of the clusters. Cluster I players were 5 cm shorter on average, while their mean body weight, skeletal muscle mass and body fat mass data were lower by 19 kg, 7 kg, and 7 kg, respectively. We studied the correlation between initial anthropometric and body composition parameters and the changes in laboratory parameters before and after the regular season. As a result, we detected numerous significant differences between the two clusters, such as the changes in glucose and magnesium levels, which showed a strong correlation with several body composition parameters in cluster II, but did not in cluster I.

Conclusions

Cluster differences between anthropometric and body compositional characteristics, and the changes in laboratory parameters can help to develop position-specific training and nutritional recommendations in the future. Therefore, the results may be applicable in sport sciences for elite athletes and sports coaches.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-022-00560-9.

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Most cited references 25

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Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project.

J E Ware, B Gandek (1998)

This article presents information about the development and evaluation of the SF-36 Health Survey, a 36-item generic measure of health status. It summarizes studies of reliability and validity and provides administrative and interpretation guidelines for the SF-36. A brief history of the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project is also included.

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International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing

Chad M Kerksick, Shawn M Arent, Brad J. Schoenfeld … (2017)

Position statement The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review regarding the timing of macronutrients in reference to healthy, exercising adults and in particular highly trained individuals on exercise performance and body composition. The following points summarize the position of the ISSN: Nutrient timing incorporates the use of methodical planning and eating of whole foods, fortified foods and dietary supplements. The timing of energy intake and the ratio of certain ingested macronutrients may enhance recovery and tissue repair, augment muscle protein synthesis (MPS), and improve mood states following high-volume or intense exercise. Endogenous glycogen stores are maximized by following a high-carbohydrate diet (8–12 g of carbohydrate/kg/day [g/kg/day]); moreover, these stores are depleted most by high volume exercise. If rapid restoration of glycogen is required ( 70) glycemic index the addition of caffeine (3–8 mg/kg) combining carbohydrates (0.8 g/kg/h) with protein (0.2–0.4 g/kg/h) Extended (> 60 min) bouts of high intensity (> 70% VO2max) exercise challenge fuel supply and fluid regulation, thus carbohydrate should be consumed at a rate of ~30–60 g of carbohydrate/h in a 6–8% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (6–12 fluid ounces) every 10–15 min throughout the entire exercise bout, particularly in those exercise bouts that span beyond 70 min. When carbohydrate delivery is inadequate, adding protein may help increase performance, ameliorate muscle damage, promote euglycemia and facilitate glycogen re-synthesis. Carbohydrate ingestion throughout resistance exercise (e.g., 3–6 sets of 8–12 repetition maximum [RM] using multiple exercises targeting all major muscle groups) has been shown to promote euglycemia and higher glycogen stores. Consuming carbohydrate solely or in combination with protein during resistance exercise increases muscle glycogen stores, ameliorates muscle damage, and facilitates greater acute and chronic training adaptations. Meeting the total daily intake of protein, preferably with evenly spaced protein feedings (approximately every 3 h during the day), should be viewed as a primary area of emphasis for exercising individuals. Ingestion of essential amino acids (EAA; approximately 10 g)either in free form or as part of a protein bolus of approximately 20–40 g has been shown to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Pre- and/or post-exercise nutritional interventions (carbohydrate + protein or protein alone) may operate as an effective strategy to support increases in strength and improvements in body composition. However, the size and timing of a pre-exercise meal may impact the extent to which post-exercise protein feeding is required. Post-exercise ingestion (immediately to 2-h post) of high-quality protein sources stimulates robust increases in MPS. In non-exercising scenarios, changing the frequency of meals has shown limited impact on weight loss and body composition, with stronger evidence to indicate meal frequency can favorably improve appetite and satiety. More research is needed to determine the influence of combining an exercise program with altered meal frequencies on weight loss and body composition with preliminary research indicating a potential benefit. Ingesting a 20–40 g protein dose (0.25–0.40 g/kg body mass/dose) of a high-quality source every three to 4 h appears to most favorably affect MPS rates when compared to other dietary patterns and is associated with improved body composition and performance outcomes. Consuming casein protein (~ 30–40 g) prior to sleep can acutely increase MPS and metabolic rate throughout the night without influencing lipolysis.

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Biomarkers in Sports and Exercise: Tracking Health, Performance, and Recovery in Athletes

Elaine C. Lee, Maren S. Fragala, Stavros A. Kavouras … (2017)

Abstract Lee, EC, Fragala, MS, Kavouras, SA, Queen, RM, Pryor, JL, and Casa, DJ. Biomarkers in sports and exercise: tracking health, performance, and recovery in athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(10): 2920–2937, 2017—Biomarker discovery and validation is a critical aim of the medical and scientific community. Research into exercise and diet-related biomarkers aims to improve health, performance, and recovery in military personnel, athletes, and lay persons. Exercise physiology research has identified individual biomarkers for assessing health, performance, and recovery during exercise training. However, there are few recommendations for biomarker panels for tracking changes in individuals participating in physical activity and exercise training programs. Our approach was to review the current literature and recommend a collection of validated biomarkers in key categories of health, performance, and recovery that could be used for this purpose. We determined that a comprehensive performance set of biomarkers should include key markers of (a) nutrition and metabolic health, (b) hydration status, (c) muscle status, (d) endurance performance, (e) injury status and risk, and (f) inflammation. Our review will help coaches, clinical sport professionals, researchers, and athletes better understand how to comprehensively monitor physiologic changes, as they design training cycles that elicit maximal improvements in performance while minimizing overtraining and injury risk.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Péter Fritz: efkfritz@uni-miskolc.hu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

Title: BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2052-1847

Publication date (Electronic): 5 September 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 5 September 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 14

Electronic Location Identifier: 165

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.10334.35, ISNI 0000 0001 2254 2845, Faculty of Health Science, , University of Miskolc, ; Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Building Stefánia, Miskolc, 3515 Hungary

[2 ]GRID grid.9008.1, ISNI 0000 0001 1016 9625, Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, , University of Szeged, ; Szeged, Hungary

[3 ]Superfoods Ltd, Budapest, Hungary

[4 ]FIT360 Fitness Studio, Budapest, Hungary

[5 ]GRID grid.9679.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0663 9479, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, , University of Pécs, ; Pecs, Hungary

[6 ]GRID grid.5718.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2187 5445, Department of Urology, , University of Duisburg-Essen, ; Essen, Germany

Article

Publisher ID: 560

DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00560-9

PMC ID: 9447334

PubMed ID: 36064634

SO-VID: c3014fe2-d748-4e93-aaf7-3cb6f31d1e68

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 21 February 2022

Date accepted : 29 August 2022

Funding

Funded by: Superfood Ltd, Budapest

Funded by: Ministry for Innovation and Technology in Hungary

Award ID: 2020-1.1.5-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00007

Award Recipient : Péter Fritz

Funded by: University of Miskolc

Open Access :

Open access funding provided by University of Miskolc.

Custom metadata

Keywords: water polo,body composition,anthropometrics,playing position,dietary habits,sport nutrition,laboratory parameters

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Keywords: water polo, body composition, anthropometrics, playing position, dietary habits, sport nutrition, laboratory parameters

Hungarian male water polo players’ body composition can predict specific playing positions and highlight different nutritional needs for optimal sports performance

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Abstract

Background

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Conclusions

Supplementary Information

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Entertainment and Sports Law Journal

Most cited references 25

Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project.

International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing

Biomarkers in Sports and Exercise: Tracking Health, Performance, and Recovery in Athletes

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