Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: Diagnosis and management

We propose a new flowchart for the treatment of acute cholecystitis (AC) in the Tokyo Guidelines 2018 (TG18). Grade III AC was not indicated for straightforward laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap-C). Following analysis of subsequent clinical investigations and drawing on Big Data in particular, TG18 proposes that some Grade III AC can be treated by Lap-C when performed at advanced centers with specialized surgeons experienced in this procedure and for patients that satisfy certain strict criteria. For Grade I, TG18 recommends early Lap-C if the patients meet the criteria of Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) ≤5 and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA-PS) ≤2. For Grade II AC, if patients meet the criteria of CCI ≤5 and ASA-PS ≤2, TG18 recommends early Lap-C performed by experienced surgeons; and if not, after medical treatment and/or gallbladder drainage, Lap-C would be indicated. TG18 proposes that Lap-C is indicated in Grade III patients with strict criteria. These are that the patients have favorable organ system failure, and negative predictive factors, who meet the criteria of CCI ≤3 and ASA-PS ≤2 and who are being treated at an advanced center (where experienced surgeons practice). If the patient is not considered suitable for early surgery, TG18 recommends early/urgent biliary drainage followed by delayed Lap-C once the patient's overall condition has improved. Free full articles and mobile app of TG18 are available at: http://www.jshbps.jp/modules/en/index.php?content_id=47. Related clinical questions and references are also included.

Malakoplakia is a rare granulomatous disease that occurs commonly in the urinary tract. Histologically, it is defined by sheets of histiocytes (Hansemann cells) with accumulation of granular basophilic periodic acid-Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant inclusions and calcified Michaelis-Gutmann bodies, which are pathognomonic but not necessary for diagnosis. In addition to the urinary tract, malakoplakia has been reported in other organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, female genital tract, and the tongue. To review the literature of reported sites of malakoplakia outside the urinary tract and their variable clinical presentations, and to discuss the main diagnostic features and differential diagnoses of malakoplakia. The pathogenesis and possible etiologic factors are also presented. Data for this work were collected from the published literature, textbooks, and the Internet. It is important to be aware of the existence of this entity in abnormal locations. In many situations, malignancy can be mimicked, especially when the lesion is ulcerated and is accompanied by lymph node involvement. Misinterpreting large, rapidly growing nodules of malakoplakia as tumor might lead to overstaging. Pathologists should be also aware of the possibility of malakoplakia coexisting with other lesions, such as tuberculosis and carcinoma, in the same specimen.