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      Influence of Repetitive UVA Stimulation on Skin Protection Capacity and Antioxidant Efficacy

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          Abstract

          Background/Aims: Topically applied antioxidants (AOs) are widely used in cosmetic products – especially in day and sun care – to help reduce oxidative stress caused by exogenous influences such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Despite several advances in recent years, little is known about the duration of protective effects by application of topical AOs, AO protection capacity (APC) or the activation of an endogenous protection capacity (EPC). Methods: By measuring oxidative-stress-induced photon emission of human skin in vivowith the ICL-S method (induced chemiluminescence of human skin), the protective effect of daily AO treatment for 2 weeks was examined on 4 consecutive days after treatment. UVA-dose-independent effects were investigated by decay curve intersection point analysis. In addition, chemiluminescence signal integration was used to investigate the influence of different UVA doses for stimulation on the determined APC as well as the modulation of the EPC by repetitive UVA stimulation both forming the skin protection capacity (SPC). Results: The SPC showed a strong dependency on the UVA dose used for stimulation. AO pretreatment was more effective against lower UVA doses. Over the course of 4 days, the AO-induced SPC did not change significantly for a given UVA dose. Analyzing the decay curve intersection point for 2 different UVA doses, however, revealed a decrease in SPC with time. In addition, we found that a repetitive UVA irradiation of 1 J/cm<sup>2</sup> caused a statistically significant protective effect against UVA irradiation by stimulation of endogenous mechanisms. Conclusion: Topically supplemented AOs provide a protective effect against oxidative stress for at least 3 days, supporting their widespread use in cosmetic products. Especially their interaction with cutaneous protective mechanisms should be investigated in more detail for maximal protection, as endogenous defense mechanisms are already triggered by 2 low-dose UVA irradiations within 24 h. In summary, the in vivo measurement of UVA-induced cutaneous chemiluminescence permits the UVA-dose-independent determination of the AO efficacy for better comparability of the results while also taking endogenous defense mechanisms into account.

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          Antioxidants, Oxidative Damage and Oxygen Deprivation Stress: a Review

          O. BLOKHINA (2003)
          Article 0 comments Cited 318 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Beneficial Long-Term Effects of Combined Oral/Topical Antioxidant Treatment with the Carotenoids Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Human Skin: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

            P Palombo, G Fabrizi, V Ruocco … (2007)
            Background: The skin is exposed to numerous environmental assaults that can lead to premature aging. Of these agents, perhaps none is more ubiquitous than the ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths of sunlight. The primary immediate defense against environmental skin damage is the antioxidant capacity of the skin. However, this defense system can be compromised by moderate exposure to UV light. Therefore, bolstering the antioxidant defense system of the skin is a potentially important strategy for reducing environmentally induced skin damage. Aim of the Study: This clinical trial was designed to study the efficacy of lutein and zeaxanthin, two potentially important antioxidants found naturally in the skin, upon five skin physiology parameters (surface lipids, hydration, photoprotective activity, skin elasticity and skin lipid peroxidation – malondialdehyde) of human subjects. These xanthophyllic carotenoids were administered either orally, topically, or in combination (both oral and topical routes). Results: The results obtained indicate that the combined oral and topical administration of lutein and zeaxanthin provides the highest degree of antioxidant protection. However, oral and topical administration of these antioxidants individually also provides significant activity in the skin. In addition, oral administration of lutein may provide better protection than that afforded by topical application of this antioxidant when measured by changes in lipid peroxidation and photoprotective activity in the skin following UV light irradiation.
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              Effect of Supplemented and Topically Applied Antioxidant Substances on Human Tissue

              M. Darvin, L Zastrow, W Sterry … (2006)
              Systemic and topical application of antioxidant substances for the medical treatment and prophylaxis of many diseases as well as additional protection of the skin against the destructive action of free radicals and other reactive species has become very popular during the past years. Stimulated by the positive results of a fruit and vegetable diet in supporting medical treatment and in cosmetics, artificial and extracted antioxidant substances have been broadly applied. Surprisingly, not only positive but also strong negative results have been obtained by different authors. According to study reports artificial and extracted antioxidant substances support different kinds of medical therapies, if they are applied in mixtures of different compounds at low concentration levels. In the case of the application of high concentration of some single compounds, side effects were often observed. Regarding skin treatment by systemically applied antioxidant substances for cosmetic purposes, positive cosmetic effects as well as no effects, but almost no side effects, apart from a number of allergic reactions, were reported. One reason for this seems to be the lower concentration of systemically applied antioxidant substances in comparison with a medical application. Topical application of antioxidant substances is closely related to cosmetic treatment for skin protection and anti-aging. Positive results were also obtained in this case. The present review is an attempt to classify and summarize the published literature concerning the efficiency of action of systemic and topical applications of antioxidant substances, such as carotenoids and vitamins, on human organism and especially on the skin. The available literature on this topic is very extensive and the results are often contradictory. Nevertheless, there are some clear tendencies concerning systemic and topical application of antioxidant substances in medicine and cosmetics, and we summarize them in the present paper.
              Article 0 comments Cited 30 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SPP
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Skin Pharmacol Physiol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1660-5527
                Title: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1660-5527
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-5535
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2011
                Publication date (Print): September 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 July 2011
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 300-304
                Affiliations
                Institut Dr. Schrader Creachem GmbH, Holzminden, Germany
                Author notes
                *Dr. Mathias Rohr, Institut Dr. Schrader Creachem GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 6, DE–37603 Holzminden (Germany), Tel. +49 5531 9313 270, E-Mail mathias.rohr@schrader-institute.de
                Article
                Publisher ID: 328736 Other ID: Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011;24:300–304
                DOI: 10.1159/000328736
                PubMed ID: 21757976
                SO-VID: c31faa2e-56cc-4608-bbe1-a05c86dcd5ce
                Copyright © © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 16 August 2010
                Date accepted : 22 March 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy,Pathology,Surgery,Dermatology,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Antioxidants,Endogenous protection,Ultraviolet A protection,Oxidative stress,Induced chemiluminescence of human skin
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy, Pathology, Surgery, Dermatology, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Antioxidants, Endogenous protection, Ultraviolet A protection, Oxidative stress, Induced chemiluminescence of human skin

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