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      Trends in psychiatric diagnoses by COVID-19 infection and hospitalization among patients with and without recent clinical psychiatric diagnoses in New York city from March 2020 to August 2021

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          Abstract

          Determining emerging trends of clinical psychiatric diagnoses among patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus is important to understand post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection or long COVID. However, published reports accounting for pre-COVID psychiatric diagnoses have usually relied on self-report rather than clinical diagnoses. Using electronic health records (EHRs) among 2,358,318 patients from the New York City (NYC) metropolitan region, this time series study examined changes in clinical psychiatric diagnoses between March 2020 and August 2021 with month as the unit of analysis. We compared trends in patients with and without recent pre-COVID clinical psychiatric diagnoses noted in the EHRs up to 3 years before the first COVID-19 test. Patients with recent clinical psychiatric diagnoses, as compared to those without, had more subsequent anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and psychosis throughout the study period. Substance use disorders were greater between March and August 2020 among patients without any recent clinical psychiatric diagnoses than those with. COVID-19 positive patients (both hospitalized and non-hospitalized) had greater post-COVID psychiatric diagnoses than COVID-19 negative patients. Among patients with recent clinical psychiatric diagnoses, psychiatric diagnoses have decreased since January 2021, regardless of COVID-19 infection/hospitalization. However, among patients without recent clinical psychiatric diagnoses, new anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and psychosis diagnoses increased between February and August 2021 among all patients (COVID-19 positive and negative). The greatest increases were anxiety disorders (378.7%) and mood disorders (269.0%) among COVID-19 positive non-hospitalized patients. New clinical psychosis diagnoses increased by 242.5% among COVID-19 negative patients. This study is the first to delineate the impact of COVID-19 on different clinical psychiatric diagnoses by pre-COVID psychiatric diagnoses and COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations across NYC, one of the hardest-hit US cities in the early pandemic. Our findings suggest the need for tailoring treatment and policies to meet the needs of individuals with pre-COVID psychiatric diagnoses.

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          The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

          Samantha K. Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise E. Smith … (2022)
          Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
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            Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in the General Population: A Systematic Review

            Jiaqi Xiong, Orly Lipsitz, Flora Nasri … (2020)
            Highlights • The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in unprecedented hazards to mental health globally. • Relatively high rates of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, and stress were reported in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. • Common risk factors associated with mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic include female gender, younger age group (≤40 years), presence of chronic/psychiatric illnesses, unemployment, student status, and frequent exposure to social media/news concerning COVID-19. • Mitigation of COVID-19 induced psychological distress requires government intervention and individual efforts.
            Article 0 comments Cited 2084 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA

              Maxime Taquet, Sierra Luciano, John R Geddes … (2020)
              Background Adverse mental health consequences of COVID-19, including anxiety and depression, have been widely predicted but not yet accurately measured. There are a range of physical health risk factors for COVID-19, but it is not known if there are also psychiatric risk factors. In this electronic health record network cohort study using data from 69 million individuals, 62 354 of whom had a diagnosis of COVID-19, we assessed whether a diagnosis of COVID-19 (compared with other health events) was associated with increased rates of subsequent psychiatric diagnoses, and whether patients with a history of psychiatric illness are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods We used the TriNetX Analytics Network, a global federated network that captures anonymised data from electronic health records in 54 health-care organisations in the USA, totalling 69·8 million patients. TriNetX included 62 354 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between Jan 20, and Aug 1, 2020. We created cohorts of patients who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 or a range of other health events. We used propensity score matching to control for confounding by risk factors for COVID-19 and for severity of illness. We measured the incidence of and hazard ratios (HRs) for psychiatric disorders, dementia, and insomnia, during the first 14 to 90 days after a diagnosis of COVID-19. Findings In patients with no previous psychiatric history, a diagnosis of COVID-19 was associated with increased incidence of a first psychiatric diagnosis in the following 14 to 90 days compared with six other health events (HR 2·1, 95% CI 1·8–2·5 vs influenza; 1·7, 1·5–1·9 vs other respiratory tract infections; 1·6, 1·4–1·9 vs skin infection; 1·6, 1·3–1·9 vs cholelithiasis; 2·2, 1·9–2·6 vs urolithiasis, and 2·1, 1·9–2·5 vs fracture of a large bone; all p<0·0001). The HR was greatest for anxiety disorders, insomnia, and dementia. We observed similar findings, although with smaller HRs, when relapses and new diagnoses were measured. The incidence of any psychiatric diagnosis in the 14 to 90 days after COVID-19 diagnosis was 18·1% (95% CI 17·6–18·6), including 5·8% (5·2–6·4) that were a first diagnosis. The incidence of a first diagnosis of dementia in the 14 to 90 days after COVID-19 diagnosis was 1·6% (95% CI 1·2–2·1) in people older than 65 years. A psychiatric diagnosis in the previous year was associated with a higher incidence of COVID-19 diagnosis (relative risk 1·65, 95% CI 1·59–1·71; p<0·0001). This risk was independent of known physical health risk factors for COVID-19, but we cannot exclude possible residual confounding by socioeconomic factors. Interpretation Survivors of COVID-19 appear to be at increased risk of psychiatric sequelae, and a psychiatric diagnosis might be an independent risk factor for COVID-19. Although preliminary, our findings have implications for clinical services, and prospective cohort studies are warranted. Funding National Institute for Health Research.
              Article 0 comments Cited 638 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yunyu Xiao:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0479-1781
                yux4008@med.cornell.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Transl Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Transl Psychiatry
                Title: Translational Psychiatry
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2158-3188
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 November 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 November 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 492
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.413734.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8499 1112, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, , NewYork-Presbyterian, ; New York, NY USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.21729.3f, ISNI 0000000419368729, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, , Columbia University, ; New York, NY USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.21729.3f, ISNI 0000000419368729, Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, , Columbia University, ; New York, NY USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.413734.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8499 1112, Division of Translational Epidemiology, , New York State Psychiatric Institute, ; New York, NY USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.21729.3f, ISNI 0000000419368729, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, ; New York, NY USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0479-1781
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9229-8574
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3490-3075
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-410X
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2255
                DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02255-8
                PMC ID: 9681844
                PubMed ID: 36414624
                SO-VID: c346b5ec-9fc4-49c6-bd59-24276f9f65f9
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 15 June 2022
                Date revision received : 2 November 2022
                Date accepted : 9 November 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000865, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation);
                Award ID: CORONAVIRUSHUB-D-21-00125
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100006545, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD);
                Award ID: R25MD011713
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000025, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH);
                Award ID: R01MH119177
                Award ID: R01MH121922
                Award ID: R01MH121907
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: diseases,psychiatric disorders
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: diseases, psychiatric disorders

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