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      Creating Healthy Food and Eating Environments: Policy and Environmental Approaches

      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 4
      Publication date Created:
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      Journal: Annual Review of Public Health
      Publisher: Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          Food and eating environments likely contribute to the increasing epidemic of obesity and chronic diseases, over and above individual factors such as knowledge, skills, and motivation. Environmental and policy interventions may be among the most effective strategies for creating population-wide improvements in eating. This review describes an ecological framework for conceptualizing the many food environments and conditions that influence food choices, with an emphasis on current knowledge regarding the home, child care, school, work site, retail store, and restaurant settings. Important issues of disparities in food access for low-income and minority groups and macrolevel issues are also reviewed. The status of measurement and evaluation of nutrition environments and the need for action to improve health are highlighted.

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          Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.

          George Bray, Samara Joy Nielsen, Barry M. Popkin (2004)
          Obesity is a major epidemic, but its causes are still unclear. In this article, we investigate the relation between the intake of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and the development of obesity. We analyzed food consumption patterns by using US Department of Agriculture food consumption tables from 1967 to 2000. The consumption of HFCS increased > 1000% between 1970 and 1990, far exceeding the changes in intake of any other food or food group. HFCS now represents > 40% of caloric sweeteners added to foods and beverages and is the sole caloric sweetener in soft drinks in the United States. Our most conservative estimate of the consumption of HFCS indicates a daily average of 132 kcal for all Americans aged > or = 2 y, and the top 20% of consumers of caloric sweeteners ingest 316 kcal from HFCS/d. The increased use of HFCS in the United States mirrors the rapid increase in obesity. The digestion, absorption, and metabolism of fructose differ from those of glucose. Hepatic metabolism of fructose favors de novo lipogenesis. In addition, unlike glucose, fructose does not stimulate insulin secretion or enhance leptin production. Because insulin and leptin act as key afferent signals in the regulation of food intake and body weight, this suggests that dietary fructose may contribute to increased energy intake and weight gain. Furthermore, calorically sweetened beverages may enhance caloric overconsumption. Thus, the increase in consumption of HFCS has a temporal relation to the epidemic of obesity, and the overconsumption of HFCS in calorically sweetened beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.
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            Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places

            Kimberly Morland, Steve Wing, Ana Victoria Diez Roux … (2002)
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              A systematic review of environmental correlates of obesity-related dietary behaviors in youth.

              I. Rebelo Ferreira, J. Brug, K Giskes … (2007)
              There is increasing interest in the role the environment plays in shaping the dietary behavior of youth, particularly in the context of obesity prevention. An overview of environmental factors associated with obesity-related dietary behaviors among youth is needed to inform the development of interventions. A systematic review of observational studies on environmental correlates of energy, fat, fruit/vegetable, snack/fast food and soft drink intakes in children (4-12 years) and adolescents (13-18 years) was conducted. The results were summarized using the analysis grid for environments linked to obesity. The 58 papers reviewed mostly focused on sociocultural and economical-environmental factors at the household level. The most consistent associations were found between parental intake and children's fat, fruit/vegetable intakes, parent and sibling intake with adolescent's energy and fat intakes and parental education with adolescent's fruit/vegetable intake. A less consistent but positive association was found for availability and accessibility on children's fruit/vegetable intake. Environmental factors are predominantly studied at the household level and focus on sociocultural and economic aspects. Most consistent associations were found for parental influences (parental intake and education). More studies examining environmental factors using longitudinal study designs and validated measures are needed for solid evidence to inform interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annual Review of Public Health
                Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Public Health
                Publisher: Annual Reviews
                ISSN (Print): 0163-7525
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-2093
                Publication date Created: April 2008
                Publication date (Print): April 2008
                Volume: 29
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 253-272
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Healthy Eating Research Program, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454-1015; email:
                [2 ]Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454-1015,
                [3 ]Adolescent Health Protection Research Training Program, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454-1015,
                [4 ]Emory Prevention Research Center, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; email:
                Article
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090926
                PubMed ID: 18031223
                SO-VID: c35073e3-ecad-4add-aa29-706f158e7bbe
                Copyright © © 2008
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