Impact of containment measures on community mobility, daily confirmed cases, and mortality in the third wave of COVID-19 epidemic in Myanmar

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Abstract

In Myanmar, third wave of COVID-19 epidemic began with a surge of confirmed cases in the last week of May 2021. The laboratory-confirmed cases and deaths distinctly increased within 9 weeks. The government and the Ministry of Health adopted containment measures to flatten the peak of the epidemic and to suppress the disease transmission. The strictly containment measures: stay-at-home restrictions, school closure, and office closure have reduced the community mobility, confirmed cases and mortality. Therefore, the timely containment measures implemented by the government were important to reduce the transmission as observed in the third wave of COVID-19 epidemic in Myanmar.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41182-022-00413-8.

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The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-CoV-2 transmission across 130 countries and territories

Yang Liu, Christian Morgenstern, James Kelly … (2021)

Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are used to reduce transmission of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, empirical evidence of the effectiveness of specific NPIs has been inconsistent. We assessed the effectiveness of NPIs around internal containment and closure, international travel restrictions, economic measures, and health system actions on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in 130 countries and territories. Methods We used panel (longitudinal) regression to estimate the effectiveness of 13 categories of NPIs in reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission using data from January to June 2020. First, we examined the temporal association between NPIs using hierarchical cluster analyses. We then regressed the time-varying reproduction number (R t ) of COVID-19 against different NPIs. We examined different model specifications to account for the temporal lag between NPIs and changes in R t , levels of NPI intensity, time-varying changes in NPI effect, and variable selection criteria. Results were interpreted taking into account both the range of model specifications and temporal clustering of NPIs. Results There was strong evidence for an association between two NPIs (school closure, internal movement restrictions) and reduced R t . Another three NPIs (workplace closure, income support, and debt/contract relief) had strong evidence of effectiveness when ignoring their level of intensity, while two NPIs (public events cancellation, restriction on gatherings) had strong evidence of their effectiveness only when evaluating their implementation at maximum capacity (e.g. restrictions on 1000+ people gathering were not effective, restrictions on < 10 people gathering were). Evidence about the effectiveness of the remaining NPIs (stay-at-home requirements, public information campaigns, public transport closure, international travel controls, testing, contact tracing) was inconsistent and inconclusive. We found temporal clustering between many of the NPIs. Effect sizes varied depending on whether or not we included data after peak NPI intensity. Conclusion Understanding the impact that specific NPIs have had on SARS-CoV-2 transmission is complicated by temporal clustering, time-dependent variation in effects, and differences in NPI intensity. However, the effectiveness of school closure and internal movement restrictions appears robust across different model specifications, with some evidence that other NPIs may also be effective under particular conditions. This provides empirical evidence for the potential effectiveness of many, although not all, actions policy-makers are taking to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12916-020-01872-8.

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Review of COVID-19 Variants and COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy: What the Clinician Should Know?

Deepa Vasireddy, Rachana Vanaparthy, Gisha Mohan … (2021)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta coronavirus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped spherical-shaped virus. The ribonucleic acid (RNA) is oriented in a 5’-3’direction which makes it a positive sense RNA virus, and the RNA can be read directly as a messenger RNA. The nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14) has proofreading activity which allows the rate of mutations to stay low. A change in the genetic sequence is called a mutation. Genomes that differ from each other in genetic sequence are called variants. Variants are the result of mutations but differ from each other by one or more mutations. When a phenotypic difference is demonstrated among the variants, they are called strains. Viruses constantly change in two different ways, antigenic drift and antigenic shift. SARS-CoV-2 genome is also prone to various mutations that led to antigenic drift resulting in escape from immune recognition. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) updates the variant strains in the different classes. The classes are variant of interest, variant of concern and variant of high consequence. The current variants included in the variant of interest by the USA are: B.1.526, B.1.525, and P.2; and those included in the variant of concern by the USA are B.1.1.7, P.1, B.1.351, B.1.427, and B.1.429. The double and triple mutant variants first reported in India have resulted in a massive increase in the number of cases. Emerging variants not only result in increased transmissibility, morbidity and mortality, but also have the ability to evade detection by existing or currently available diagnostic tests, which can potentially delay the diagnosis and treatment, exhibit decreased susceptibility to treatment including antivirals, monoclonal antibodies and convalescent plasma, possess the ability to cause reinfection in previously infected and recovered individuals, and vaccine breakthrough cases in fully vaccinated individuals. Hence, continuation of precautionary measures, genomic surveillance and vaccination plays an important role in the prevention of spread, early identification of variants, prevention of mutations and viral replication, respectively.

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Pandemic catch-22: The role of mobility restrictions and institutional inequalities in halting the spread of COVID-19

Adnan Fakir, Tushar Bharati (2021)

Countries across the world responded to the COVID-19 pandemic with what might well be the set of biggest state-led mobility and activity restrictions in the history of humankind. But how effective were these measures across countries? Compared to multiple recent studies that document an association between such restrictions and the control of the contagion, we use an instrumental variable approach to estimate the causal effect of these restrictions on mobility, and the growth rate of confirmed cases and deaths during the first wave of the pandemic. Using the level of stringency in the rest of the world to predict the level of stringency of the restriction measures in a country, we show while stricter contemporaneous measures affected mobility, stringency in seven to fourteen days mattered most for containing the contagion. Heterogeneity analysis, by various institutional inequalities, reveals that even though the restrictions reduced mobility more in relatively less-developed countries, the causal effect of a reduction in mobility was higher in more developed countries. We propose several explanations. Our results highlight the need to complement mobility and activity restrictions with other health and information measures, especially in less-developed countries, to combat the COVID-19 pandemic effectively.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ye Minn Htun:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9706-9834

dryeminnhtun85@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Trop Med Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Trop Med Health

Title: Tropical Medicine and Health

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Print): 1348-8945

ISSN (Electronic): 1349-4147

Publication date (Electronic): 11 March 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 11 March 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 50

Electronic Location Identifier: 23

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Prevention and Research Development of Hepatitis, AIDS and Other Viral Diseases, Health and Disease Control Unit, Nay Pyi Taw, 15011 Myanmar

[2 ]Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Defence Services Medical Academy, Mingaladon, Yangon, Myanmar

[3 ]Outpatient Department, No. 1 Military Hospital (500 bedded), Meiktila, Mandalay, Myanmar

[4 ]Department of Research and Development, Defence Services Medical School, Hmawbi, Yangon, Myanmar

Author information

Ye Minn Htun http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9706-9834

Tun Tun Win http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9353-9766

Nyan Htet Shan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3122-9310

Zin Thu Winn http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-5623

Kaung Si Thu http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-6426

Nyan Lin Maung http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5366-145X

Pyae Phyo Aung http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1966-2560

Htun Aung Kyaw http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7187-6745

Hpone Pji Kyaw http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-9715

Yan Naing Myint Soe http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0835-268X

Myint Myat Ko http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4728-2573

Zin Ko Aung http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9067-0881

Kyaw Thiha Aung http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0826-1913

Yan Paing Chit Lwin http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-2752

Wai Yan http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7714-2264

Phyo Tayza Soe http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0830-356X

Kyaw Myo Tun http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1211-1034

Article

Publisher ID: 413

DOI: 10.1186/s41182-022-00413-8

PMC ID: 8913326

PubMed ID: 35277209

SO-VID: c3613053-94db-4f1e-b0c7-52b730d2b8d6

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 6 December 2021

Date accepted : 28 February 2022

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

Keywords: confirmed cases,containment measures,covid-19,deaths,mobility,myanmar

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

Keywords: confirmed cases, containment measures, covid-19, deaths, mobility, myanmar

Impact of containment measures on community mobility, daily confirmed cases, and mortality in the third wave of COVID-19 epidemic in Myanmar

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 7

The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-CoV-2 transmission across 130 countries and territories

Review of COVID-19 Variants and COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy: What the Clinician Should Know?

Pandemic catch-22: The role of mobility restrictions and institutional inequalities in halting the spread of COVID-19

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