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      Estimating 24-h urinary sodium/potassium ratio from casual (‘spot’) urinary sodium/potassium ratio: the INTERSALT Study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Association between casual and 24-h urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio is well recognized, although it has not been validated in diverse demographic groups. Our aim was to assess utility across and within populations of casual urine to estimate 24-h urinary Na/K ratio using data from the INTERSALT Study.

          Methods

          The INTERSALT Study collected cross-sectional standardized data on casual urinary sodium and potassium and also on timed 24-h urinary sodium and potassium for 10 065 individuals from 52 population samples in 32 countries (1985–87). Pearson correlation coefficients and agreement were computed for Na/K ratio of casual urine against 24-h urinary Na/K ratio both at population and individual levels.

          Results

          Pearson correlation coefficients relating means of 24-h urine and casual urine Na/K ratio were r = 0.96 and r = 0.69 in analyses across populations and individuals, respectively. Correlations of casual urine Na/creatinine and K/creatinine ratios with 24-h urinary Na and K excretion, respectively, were lower than correlation of casual and 24-h urinary Na/K ratio in analyses across populations and individuals. The bias estimate with the Bland–Altman method, defined as the difference between Na/K ratio of 24-h urine and casual urine, was approximately 0.4 across both populations and individuals. Spread around, the mean bias was higher for individuals than populations.

          Conclusion

          With appropriate bias correction, casual urine Na/K ratio may be a useful, low-burden alternative method to 24-h urine for estimation of population urinary Na/K ratio. It may also be applicable for assessment of the urinary Na/K ratio of individuals, with use of repeated measurements to reduce measurement error and increase precision.

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          Most cited references 33

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          Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.

           Elliot Bland,  Michael Altman,  Michael Gnant (1986)
          In clinical measurement comparison of a new measurement technique with an established one is often needed to see whether they agree sufficiently for the new to replace the old. Such investigations are often analysed inappropriately, notably by using correlation coefficients. The use of correlation is misleading. An alternative approach, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, is described, together with the relation between this analysis and the assessment of repeatability.
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            Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group.

             R Stamler,  A Nissinen,  U Uusitalo … (1988)
            The relations between 24 hour urinary electrolyte excretion and blood pressure were studied in 10,079 men and women aged 20-59 sampled from 52 centres around the world based on a highly standardised protocol with central training of observers, a central laboratory, and extensive quality control. Relations between electrolyte excretion and blood pressure were studied in individual subjects within each centre and the results of these regression analyses pooled for all 52 centres. Relations between population median electrolyte values and population blood pressure values were also analysed across the 52 centres. Sodium excretion ranged from 0.2 mmol/24 h (Yanomamo Indians, Brazil) to 242 mmol/24 h (north China). In individual subjects (within centres) it was significantly related to blood pressure. Four centres found very low sodium excretion, low blood pressure, and little or no upward slope of blood pressure with age. Across the other 48 centres sodium was significantly related to the slope of blood pressure with age but not to median blood pressure or prevalence of high blood pressure. Potassium excretion was negatively correlated with blood pressure in individual subjects after adjustment for confounding variables. Across centres there was no consistent association. The relation of sodium to potassium ratio to blood pressure followed a pattern similar to that of sodium. Body mass index and heavy alcohol intake had strong, significant independent relations with blood pressure in individual subjects.
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              Sodium and potassium intake and mortality among US adults: prospective data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

               Elena V. Kuklina,  Quanhe Yang,  Cathleen Gillespie … (2011)
              Several epidemiologic studies suggested that higher sodium and lower potassium intakes were associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Few studies have examined joint effects of dietary sodium and potassium intake on risk of mortality. To investigate estimated usual intakes of sodium and potassium as well as their ratio in relation to risk of all-cause and CVD mortality, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Linked Mortality File (1988-2006), a prospective cohort study of a nationally representative sample of 12,267 US adults, studied all-cause, cardiovascular, and ischemic heart (IHD) diseases mortality. During a mean follow-up period of 14.8 years, we documented a total of 2270 deaths, including 825 CVD deaths and 443 IHD deaths. After multivariable adjustment, higher sodium intake was associated with increased all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.41 per 1000 mg/d), whereas higher potassium intake was associated with lower mortality risk (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67-0.94 per 1000 mg/d). For sodium-potassium ratio, the adjusted HRs comparing the highest quartile with the lowest quartile were HR, 1.46 (95% CI, 1.27-1.67) for all-cause mortality; HR, 1.46 (95% CI, 1.11-1.92) for CVD mortality; and HR, 2.15 (95% CI, 1.48-3.12) for IHD mortality. These findings did not differ significantly by sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, hypertension status, education levels, or physical activity. Our findings suggest that a higher sodium-potassium ratio is associated with significantly increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, and higher sodium intake is associated with increased total mortality in the general US population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Epidemiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Epidemiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ije
                Title: International Journal of Epidemiology
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 0300-5771
                ISSN (Electronic): 1464-3685
                Publication date (Print): October 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 December 2016
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 December 2016
                Volume: 46
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 1564-1572
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
                [2 ]Research and Development Department, OMRON HEALTHCARE Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
                [3 ]Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
                [4 ]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
                [5 ]Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520 2192, Japan. E-mail: iwahori@ 123456belle.shiga-med.ac.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: dyw287
                DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw287
                PMC ID: 5837629
                PubMed ID: 28039381
                Copyright statement: © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Product
                Funding
                Funded by: Wellcome Trust 10.13039/100004440
                Funded by: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 10.13039/100000050
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health 10.13039/100000002
                Funded by: National Institute for Health Research 10.13039/501100000272
                Funded by: NIHR 10.13039/100006662
                Funded by: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust 10.13039/501100000762
                Funded by: NIHR 10.13039/100006662
                Categories
                Subject: Salt and Sodium

                Data availability:

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

                Keywords: na/k ratio, casual urine, 24-h urine, population estimate, individual estimate

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