The food contaminant fumonisin B1 reduces the maturation of porcine CD11R1+ intestinal antigen presenting cells and antigen-specific immune responses, leading to a prolonged intestinal ETEC infection

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Abstract

Consumption of food or feed contaminated with fumonisin B ₁ (FB ₁), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, can lead to disease in humans and animals. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of FB ₁ intake on the intestinal immune system. Piglets were used as a target and as a model species for humans since their gastro-intestinal tract is very similar. The animals were orally exposed to a low dose of FB ₁ (1 mg/kg body weight FB ₁) for 10 days which did not result in clinical signs. However, when compared to non-exposed animals, FB ₁-exposed animals showed a longer shedding of F4 ⁺ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) following infection and a lower induction of the antigen-specific immune response following oral immunization. Further analyses to elucidate the mechanisms behind these observations revealed a reduced intestinal expression of IL-12p40, an impaired function of intestinal antigen presenting cells (APC), with decreased upregulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II molecule (MHC-II) and reduced T cell stimulatory capacity upon stimulation. Taken together, these results indicate an FB ₁-mediated reduction of in vivo APC maturation.

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Experimental validation of novel and conventional approaches to quantitative real-time PCR data analysis.

S N Peirson (2003)

Real-time PCR is being used increasingly as the method of choice for mRNA quantification, allowing rapid analysis of gene expression from low quantities of starting template. Despite a wide range of approaches, the same principles underlie all data analysis, with standard approaches broadly classified as either absolute or relative. In this study we use a variety of absolute and relative approaches of data analysis to investigate nocturnal c-fos expression in wild-type and retinally degenerate mice. In addition, we apply a simple algorithm to calculate the amplification efficiency of every sample from its amplification profile. We confirm that nocturnal c-fos expression in the rodent eye originates from the photoreceptor layer, with around a 5-fold reduction in nocturnal c-fos expression in mice lacking rods and cones. Furthermore, we illustrate that differences in the results obtained from absolute and relative approaches are underpinned by differences in the calculated PCR efficiency. By calculating the amplification efficiency from the samples under analysis, comparable results may be obtained without the need for standard curves. We have automated this method to provide a means of streamlining the real-time PCR process, enabling analysis of experimental samples based upon their own reaction kinetics rather than those of artificial standards.

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Mucosal dendritic cells.

Akiko Iwasaki (2006)

The internal surfaces of the human body are covered by distinct types of epithelial cells and mucus-secreting cells. The mucosal surfaces serve many vital functions, such as respiration (nasal passage and lung), absorption (gastrointestinal tract), excretion (lung, urinary tract, large intestine), and reproduction (reproductive tract). In performing these functions, the host is inevitably exposed to environmental antigens, food particles, commensal flora, and pathogens. Mucosal surfaces contain specialized dendritic cells (DCs) capable of sensing these external stimuli and mounting appropriate local responses depending on the nature of the elements they encounter. In the absence of pathogens, mucosal DCs either ignore the antigen or induce regulatory responses. Upon recognition of microorganisms that invade the mucosal barrier, mucosal DCs mount robust protective immunity. This review highlights progress in our understanding of how mucosal DCs process external information and direct appropriate responses by mobilizing various cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems to achieve homeostasis and protection.

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Exposure to Fumonisins and the Occurrence of Neural Tube Defects along the Texas–Mexico Border

Stacey Missmer, Lucina Suarez, Marilyn Felkner … (2005)

Along the Texas–Mexico border, the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) among Mexican-American women doubled during 1990–1991. The human outbreak began during the same crop year as epizootics attributed to exposure to fumonisin, a mycotoxin that often contaminates corn. Because Mexican Americans in Texas consume large quantities of corn, primarily in the form of tortillas, they may be exposed to high levels of fumonisins. We examined whether or not maternal exposure to fumonisins increases the risk of NTDs in offspring using a population-based case–control study. We estimated fumonisin exposure from a postpartum sphinganine:sphingosine (sa:so) ratio, a biomarker for fumonisin exposure measured in maternal serum, and from maternal recall of periconceptional corn tortilla intake. After adjusting for confounders, moderate (301–400) compared with low (≤ 100) consumption of tortillas during the first trimester was associated with increased odds ratios (ORs) of having an NTD-affected pregnancy (OR = 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–5.3). No increased risks were observed at intakes higher than 400 tortillas (OR = 0.8 for 401–800, OR = 1.0 for > 800). Based on the postpartum sa:so ratio, increasing levels of fumonisin exposure were associated with increasing ORs for NTD occurrences, except for the highest exposure category (sa:so > 0.35). Our findings suggest that fumonisin exposure increases the risk of NTD, proportionate to dose, up to a threshold level, at which point fetal death may be more likely to occur. These results also call for population studies that can more directly measure individual fumonisin intakes and assess effects on the developing embryo.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Res

Journal ID (publisher-id): vetres

Title: Veterinary Research

Publisher: EDP Sciences

ISSN (Print): 0928-4249

ISSN (Electronic): 1297-9716

Publication date (Print): Jul-Aug 2009

Publication date (Electronic): 24 April 2009

Publication date PMC-release: 24 April 2009

Volume: 40

Issue: 4 ( publisher-idID: vetres/2009/04 )

Electronic Location Identifier: 40

Affiliations

[1 ]simpleLaboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133 B-9820 Merelbeke Belgium

[2 ]simpleLaboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, UR 66, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique , Toulouse France

[3 ]simpleInstitute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University , Leipziger Strasse 44 39120 Magdeburg Germany

[4 ]simplePresent affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham AL USA

[5 ]simpleVaccine design, Department of Biosystems, K.U. Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium

Author notes

[†]

Equally contributed.

[* ]Corresponding author: b.devriendt@ 123456ugent.be

Article

Other ID: 10.1051/vetres/2009023 Publisher ID: v09214

DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009023

PMC ID: 2701185

PubMed ID: 19389343

SO-VID: c3accf3b-2223-4c5f-b72c-1fe36fb02806

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any noncommercial medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 10 December 2008

Date accepted : 23 April 2009

Page count

Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 14

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