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      Do serving and ex-serving personnel of the UK armed forces seek help for perceived stress, emotional or mental health problems? Translated title: ¿El personal de servicio y ex personal de servicio de las Fuerzas Armadas del Reino Unido busca ayuda para el estrés percibido, problemas emocionales o de salud mental? Translated title: 英国武装部队的服务人员和退役人员是否会在感知压力,情绪或心理健康方面寻求帮助?

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      a , b , a , a , a , a , a , a , c , a , a , a , d , e , a , a , a , a , b
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Alcohol misuse, depression, military personnel, veteran, help-seeking, post-traumatic stress disorder, quantitative methods, Abuso de alcohol, depresión, personal militar, veterano, búsqueda de ayuda, trastorno de estrés postraumático, métodos cuantitativos, 酒精滥用, 抑郁, 军人, 退伍老兵, 求助, 创伤后应激障碍, 定量方法, • In contrast to previous studies of help-seeking in serving and ex-serving personnel, and the public perception, this study found that the majority of those with perceived mental health problems sought some form of help.• Over half used formal medical sources of support.• Younger males who reported lower levels of social support were less likely to seek support.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: UK armed forces personnel are at risk of occupational psychological injury; they are often reluctant to seek help for such problems.

          Objective: We aimed to examine and describe sources of support, prevalence and associates of help-seeking among UK serving and ex-serving personnel.

          Method: A total of 1450 participants who self-reported a stress, emotional or mental health problem in the past 3 years were sampled from a health and wellbeing study and subsequently completed a telephone interview comprising measures of mental disorder symptoms, alcohol misuse and help-seeking behaviour.

          Results: Seven per cent of participants had not sought any help, 55% had accessed medical sources of support (general practitioner or mental health specialist), 46% had received formal non-medical (welfare) support and 86% had used informal support. Gender, age, perceived health, functional impairment, social support, deployment, alcohol and comorbidity impacted upon the choice of help source.

          Conclusions: This study found that the majority of those with perceived mental health problems sought some form of help, with over half using formal medical sources of support.

          Antecedentes: El personal de las Fuerzas Armadas del Reino Unido está en riesgo de sufrir alteraciones psicológicas ocupacionales; a menudo son reacios a buscar ayuda para tales problemas.

          Objetivo: El objetivo fue examinar y describir las fuentes de apoyo, la prevalencia y los asociados de búsqueda de ayuda entre el personal de servicio y ex personal de servicio del Reino Unido.

          Método: En un estudio de salud y bienestar se tomaron muestras de 1.450 participantes que informaron sobre un problema de estrés, de salud mental o emocional en los últimos tres años y posteriormente completaron una entrevista telefónica que incluía medidas de síntomas de trastornos mentales, abuso de alcohol y conductas de búsqueda de ayuda.

          Resultados: El 7% de los participantes no había buscado ninguna ayuda. El 55% accedió a fuentes médicas de apoyo (médico general o especialista en salud mental), el 46% recibió apoyo formal no médico (servicio social) y el 86% utilizó apoyo informal. El sexo, la edad, la salud percibida, el deterioro funcional, el apoyo social, el despliegue, el alcohol y la comorbilidad se ven afectados por la elección de la fuente de ayuda.

          Conclusiones: Este estudio encontró que la mayoría de las personas con problemas de salud mental percibidos buscaron algún tipo de ayuda, y más de la mitad usaron fuentes médicas formales de apoyo.

          背景:英国武装部队人员面临职业心理伤害的风险;他们通常不愿意为这些问题寻求帮助。

          目标:我们的目的是考查和描述英国在职和退役人员的支持资源、求助行为的普遍性和有关因素。

          方法:从一项身心健康研究中抽样1450名在过去三年中自我报告压力、情绪或心理健康问题的参与者,随后进行电话访谈测量其精神障碍症状、酒精滥用和求助行为。

          结果:7%的参与者没有寻求任何帮助, 55%获得医疗支持(全科医生或心理健康专家),46%获得正式的非医疗(福利)支持,86%使用非正式支持。性别、年龄、感知健康、功能障碍、社会支持、就职、酒精和合并症对选择帮助来源有影响。

          结论:本研究发现,大多数有心理健康问题的人寻求某种形式的帮助,超过一半的人使用正式的医疗支持资源。

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          Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care.

          The current combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have involved U.S. military personnel in major ground combat and hazardous security duty. Studies are needed to systematically assess the mental health of members of the armed services who have participated in these operations and to inform policy with regard to the optimal delivery of mental health care to returning veterans. We studied members of four U.S. combat infantry units (three Army units and one Marine Corps unit) using an anonymous survey that was administered to the subjects either before their deployment to Iraq (n=2530) or three to four months after their return from combat duty in Iraq or Afghanistan (n=3671). The outcomes included major depression, generalized anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which were evaluated on the basis of standardized, self-administered screening instruments. Exposure to combat was significantly greater among those who were deployed to Iraq than among those deployed to Afghanistan. The percentage of study subjects whose responses met the screening criteria for major depression, generalized anxiety, or PTSD was significantly higher after duty in Iraq (15.6 to 17.1 percent) than after duty in Afghanistan (11.2 percent) or before deployment to Iraq (9.3 percent); the largest difference was in the rate of PTSD. Of those whose responses were positive for a mental disorder, only 23 to 40 percent sought mental health care. Those whose responses were positive for a mental disorder were twice as likely as those whose responses were negative to report concern about possible stigmatization and other barriers to seeking mental health care. This study provides an initial look at the mental health of members of the Army and the Marine Corps who were involved in combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Our findings indicate that among the study groups there was a significant risk of mental health problems and that the subjects reported important barriers to receiving mental health services, particularly the perception of stigma among those most in need of such care. Copyright 2004 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Mental health literacy. Public knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders.

            A. JORM (2000)
            Although the benefits of public knowledge of physical diseases are widely accepted, knowledge about mental disorders (mental health literacy) has been comparatively neglected. To introduce the concept of mental health literacy to a wider audience, to bring together diverse research relevant to the topic and to identify gaps in the area. A narrative review within a conceptual framework. Many members of the public cannot recognise specific disorders or different types of psychological distress. They differ from mental health experts in their beliefs about the causes of mental disorders and the most effective treatments. Attitudes which hinder recognition and appropriate help-seeking are common. Much of the mental health information most readily available to the public is misleading. However, there is some evidence that mental health literacy can be improved. If the public's mental health literacy is not improved, this may hinder public acceptance of evidence-based mental health care. Also, many people with common mental disorders may be denied effective self-help and may not receive appropriate support from others in the community.
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              Mental illness stigma, help seeking, and public health programs.

              Globally, more than 70% of people with mental illness receive no treatment from health care staff. Evidence suggests that factors increasing the likelihood of treatment avoidance or delay before presenting for care include (1) lack of knowledge to identify features of mental illnesses, (2) ignorance about how to access treatment, (3) prejudice against people who have mental illness, and (4) expectation of discrimination against people diagnosed with mental illness. In this article, we reviewed the evidence on whether large-scale anti-stigma campaigns could lead to increased levels of help seeking.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2019
                14 January 2019
                : 10
                : 1
                : 1556552
                Affiliations
                [a ] King’s Centre for Military Health Research, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London , London, UK
                [b ] Academic Department of Military Mental Health, Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London , London, UK
                [c ] Combat Stress , Leatherhead, UK
                [d ] Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London , London, UK
                [e ] Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
                Author notes
                CONTACT Sharon A. M. Stevelink sharon.stevelink@ 123456kcl.ac.uk King’s Centre for Military Health Research, Weston Education Centre , Cutcombe Road, LondonSE5 9RJ, UK
                [*]

                Joint last authors.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7655-7986
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7450-8195
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7450-8195
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0547-8674
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0503-8679
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9596-6603
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4550-2971
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4903-9638
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0354-7787
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8516-0166
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-9929
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3739-5571
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5792-2925
                Article
                1556552
                10.1080/20008198.2018.1556552
                6338286
                30693074
                c3be5fb0-9fa8-4d13-868a-11004b614a48
                © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 July 2018
                : 16 November 2018
                : 26 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 6, References: 41, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: UK Ministry of Defence
                Award ID: CTLBC2114]
                Funding for this study was received from the UK Ministry of Defence [CTLBC2114].
                Categories
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                alcohol misuse,depression,military personnel,veteran,help-seeking,post-traumatic stress disorder,quantitative methods,abuso de alcohol,depresión,personal militar,veterano,búsqueda de ayuda,trastorno de estrés postraumático,métodos cuantitativos,酒精滥用,抑郁,军人,退伍老兵,求助,创伤后应激障碍,定量方法,• in contrast to previous studies of help-seeking in serving and ex-serving personnel, and the public perception, this study found that the majority of those with perceived mental health problems sought some form of help.• over half used formal medical sources of support.• younger males who reported lower levels of social support were less likely to seek support.

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