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      Sale-based estimation of pharmaceutical concentrations and associated environmental risk in the Japanese wastewater system.

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          Abstract

          Information on sales and emission of selected pharmaceuticals were used to predict their concentrations in Japanese wastewater influent through a >300 of pharmaceuticals data sink. A combined wastewater-based epidemiology and environmental risk analysis follow was established. By comparing predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of pharmaceuticals in wastewater influent against measured environmental concentrations (MECs) reported in previous studies, it was found that the model gave accurate results for 17 pharmaceuticals (0.5 < PEC/MEC < 2), and acceptable results for 32 out of 40 pharmaceuticals (0.1 < PEC/MEC < 10). Although the majority of pharmaceuticals considered in the model were antibiotics and analgesics, pranlukast, a receptor antagonist, was predicted to have the highest concentration in wastewater influent. With regard to the composition of wastewater effluent, the Estimation Program Interface (EPI) suite was used to predict pharmaceutical removal through activated sludge treatment. Although the performance of the EPI suite was variable in terms of accurate prediction of the removal of different pharmaceuticals, it could be an efficient tool in practice for predicting removal under extreme scenarios. By using the EPI suite with input data on PEC in the wastewater influent, the PEC values of pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent were predicted. The concentrations of 26 pharmaceuticals were relatively high (>1 μg/L), and the PECs of 6 pharmaceuticals were extremely high (>10 μg/L) in wastewater effluent, which could be attributed to their high usage rates by consumers and poor removal rates in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Furthermore, environmental risk assessment (ERA) was carried out by calculating the ratio of predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) to PEC of different pharmaceuticals, and it was found that 9 pharmaceuticals were likely to have high toxicity, and 54 pharmaceuticals were likely to have potential toxicity. It is recommended that this is further investigated in detail. The priority screening and environmental risk assessment results on pharmaceuticals can provide reliable basis for policy-making and environmental management.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Environ Int
          Environment international
          Elsevier BV
          1873-6750
          0160-4120
          June 2020
          : 139
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Research Centre for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
          [2 ] Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, EH9 3JL Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
          [3 ] College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China. Electronic address: dei@nankai.edu.cn.
          [4 ] College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
          [5 ] School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
          [6 ] The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education; Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; The Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China. Electronic address: wen.liu@pku.edu.cn.
          Article
          S0160-4120(19)34114-5
          10.1016/j.envint.2020.105690
          32278198
          c3d7e486-b981-4325-842b-5393d0bd371f
          Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
          History

          EPI suite,Environmental risk assessment,Pharmaceuticals,Predicted environmental concentrations,Wastewater system

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