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      Porcine Noroviruses Related to Human Noroviruses

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          Abstract

          Pigs may be reservoirs for human noroviruses, and porcine/human genogroup II recombinants could emerge.

          Abstract

          Detection of genogroup II (GII) norovirus (NoV) RNA from adult pigs in Japan and Europe and GII NoV antibodies in US swine raises public health concerns about zoonotic transmission of porcine NoVs to humans, although no NoVs have been detected in US swine. To detect porcine NoVs and to investigate their genetic diversity and relatedness to human NoVs, 275 fecal samples from normal US adult swine were screened by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction with calicivirus universal primers. Six samples were positive for NoV. Based on sequence analysis of 3 kb on the 3´ end of 5 porcine NoVs, 3 genotypes in GII and a potential recombinant were identified. One genotype of porcine NoVs was genetically and antigenically related to human NoVs and replicated in gnotobiotic pigs. These results raise concerns of whether subclinically infected adult swine may be reservoirs of new human NoVs or if porcine/human GII recombinants could emerge.

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          MEGA2: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software.

          S. Kumar, K Tamura, I. Jakobsen … (2001)
          We have developed a new software package, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 2 (MEGA2), for exploring and analyzing aligned DNA or protein sequences from an evolutionary perspective. MEGA2 vastly extends the capabilities of MEGA version 1 by: (1) facilitating analyses of large datasets; (2) enabling creation and analyses of groups of sequences; (3) enabling specification of domains and genes; (4) expanding the repertoire of statistical methods for molecular evolutionary studies; and (5) adding new modules for visual representation of input data and output results on the Microsoft Windows platform. http://www.megasoftware.net. s.kumar@asu.edu
          Article 0 comments Cited 287 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            MEGA2: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software

            Challa S S R Kumar, K Tamura, I. Jakobsen … (2001)
            Article 0 comments Cited 273 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant.

              Ben Lopman, Harry Vennema, Evelyne Kohli … (2004)
              Highly publicised outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in hospitals in the UK and Ireland and cruise ships in the USA sparked speculation about whether this reported activity was unusual. We analysed data collected through a collaborative research and surveillance network of viral gastroenteritis in ten European countries (England and Wales were analysed as one region). We compiled data on total number of outbreaks by month, and compared genetic sequences from the isolated viruses. Data were compared with historic data from a systematic retrospective review of surveillance systems and with a central database of viral sequences. Three regions (England and Wales, Germany, and the Netherlands) had sustained epidemiological and viral characterisation data from 1995 to 2002. In all three, we noted a striking increase in norovirus outbreaks in 2002 that coincided with the detection and emergence of a new predominant norovirus variant of genogroup II4, which had a consistent mutation in the polymerase gene. Eight of nine regions had an annual peak in 2002 and the new genogroup II4 variant was detected in nine countries. Also, the detection of the new variant preceded an atypical spring and summer peak of outbreaks in three countries. Our data from ten European countries show a striking increase and unusual seasonal pattern of norovirus gastroenteritis in 2002 that occurred concurrently with the emergence of a novel genetic variant. In addition to showing the added value of an international network for viral gastroenteritis outbreaks, these observations raise questions about the biological properties of the variant and the mechanisms for its rapid dissemination.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): December 2005
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 1874-1881
                Affiliations
                [* ]The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
                [† ]The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Linda J. Saif, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; fax: 330-263-3677; email: saif.2@ 123456osu.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: 05-0485
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1112.050485
                PMC ID: 3367634
                PubMed ID: 16485473
                SO-VID: c3d97ec8-a0ae-4268-9e97-5b411e42106d
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: porcine,recombinant,norovirus,calicivirus,research
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: porcine, recombinant, norovirus, calicivirus, research

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