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      Sequential intrapleural administration of fibrinolytic drugs and dornase alfa for empyema management. Treatment protocol based on its physicochemical stability Translated title: Administración intrapleural secuencial de agentes fibrinolíticos y dornasa alfa en el empiema. Protocolo de uso clínico en base a su estabilidad fisicoquímica

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective: Intrapleural administration of fibrinolytics and dornase alfa has been shown in randomized studies to be able to reduce both the need for surgical debridement of empyema and the average hospital stay. However, its application in clinical practice is limited, probably due to the lack of protocols that simplify its administration. The present study aims to analyze the physicochemical stability of the simultaneous urokinase and dornase alfa administration for the subsequent development of a clinical practice use protocol. Method: In vitro stability test of urokinase, dornase alfa and a combination of both. Its stability was evaluated as (i) absence of particles, (ii) color variation and (iii) pH changes at times 0, 30 minutes, 1, 2 and 4 hours at 37 °C. Each sample was prepared and analyzed in triplicate. Results: Individual solutions of urokinase and dornase alfa showed slight changes in pH, finding no changes in either color or presence of suspended particles. The urokinase and dornase alfa combination was not stable after 2 hours, when turbidity emerged due to flocculation and phase separation. After 4 hours, precipitate formation was found. A protocol for clinical use was developed based on urokinase and dornase alfa sequential administration, since it was not possible to guarantee the physicochemical stability of the simultaneous administration of both drugs. Conclusions: The physicochemical stability data obtained does not allow to ensure a simultaneous administration of both drugs in a safe and effective way, thus a sequential administration protocol is proposed.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: La administración intrapleural de fibrinolíticos y dornasa alfa ha demostrado en estudios aleatorizados ser capaz de disminuir la necesidad de desbridamiento quirúrgico del empiema y los días de estancia media hospitalaria. Sin embargo, su aplicación en práctica clínica es limitada, probablemente debido a la falta de protocolos que simplifiquen su administración. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la estabilidad fisicoquímica de la administración simultánea de uroquinasa y dornasa alfa para el posterior desarrollo de un protocolo de uso en práctica clínica. Método: Ensayo de estabilidad in vitro de uroquinasa, dornasa alfa y la mezcla de ambos. Se evaluó su estabilidad como (i) ausencia de partículas, (ii) variación de color y (iii) cambios de pH a tiempos 0, 30 minutos, 1, 2 y 4 horas a 37 °C. Cada muestra se preparó y analizó por triplicado. Resultados: Las soluciones individuales de uroquinasa y dornasa alfa mostraron cambios ligeros del pH, sin cambios en su color ni presencia de partículas en suspensión. La mezcla de uroquinasa y dornasa alfa no fue estable transcurridas 2 horas, mostrando turbidez por la floculación y separación de fases con formación de precipitado a las 4 horas. Se desarrolló un protocolo de uso clínico basado en la administración secuencial de uroquinasa y dornasa alfa, ya que no fue posible garantizar la estabilidad fisicoquímica de la administración simultánea de ambos fármacos. Conclusiones: Los datos de estabilidad fisicoquímica no permiten asegurar la administración simultánea de ambos fármacos de manera segura y eficaz, por lo que se propone un protocolo de administración secuencial.

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          U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection.

          Intrapleural fibrinolytic agents are used in the drainage of infected pleural-fluid collections. This use is based on small trials that did not have the statistical power to evaluate accurately important clinical outcomes, including safety. We conducted a trial to clarify the therapeutic role of intrapleural streptokinase. In this double-blind trial, 454 patients with pleural infection (defined by the presence of purulent pleural fluid or pleural fluid with a pH below 7.2 with signs of infection or by proven bacterial invasion of the pleural space) were randomly assigned to receive either intrapleural streptokinase (250,000 IU twice daily for three days) or placebo. Patients received antibiotics and underwent chest-tube drainage, surgery, and other treatment as part of routine care. The number of patients in the two groups who had died or needed surgical drainage at three months was compared (the primary end point); secondary end points were the rates of death and of surgery (analyzed separately), the radiographic outcome, and the length of the hospital stay. The groups were well matched at baseline. Among the 427 patients who received streptokinase or placebo, there was no significant difference between the groups in the proportion of patients who died or needed surgery (with streptokinase: 64 of 206 patients [31 percent]; with placebo: 60 of 221 [27 percent]; relative risk, 1.14 [95 percent confidence interval, 0.85 to 1.54; P=0.43), a result that excluded a clinically significant benefit of streptokinase. There was no benefit to streptokinase in terms of mortality, rate of surgery, radiographic outcomes, or length of the hospital stay. Serious adverse events (chest pain, fever, or allergy) were more common with streptokinase (7 percent, vs. 3 percent with placebo; relative risk, 2.49 [95 percent confidence interval, 0.98 to 6.36]; P=0.08). The intrapleural administration of streptokinase does not improve mortality, the rate of surgery, or the length of the hospital stay among patients with pleural infection. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            Risk factors for complicated parapneumonic effusion and empyema on presentation to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia.

            The aim of this study was to identify key factors on admission predicting the development of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema in patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective observational study of patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia in NHS Lothian, UK, was conducted. Multivariate regression analyses were used to evaluate factors that could predict the development of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema, including admission demographics, clinical features, laboratory tests and pneumonia-specific (Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), CURB65 (New onset confusion, urea >7 mmol/l, Respiratory rate > or = 30 breaths/min, Systolic blood pressure or = 65 years) and CRB65 (New onset confusion, Respiratory rate > or = 30 breaths/min, Systolic blood pressure or = 65 years)) and generic sepsis scoring systems (APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II), SEWS (standardised early warning score) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)). 1269 patients were included in the study and 92 patients (7.2%) developed complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema. The pneumonia-specific and generic sepsis scoring systems had no value in predicting complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema. Multivariate logistic regression identified albumin 400 x 10(9)/l AOR 4.09 (2.21 to 7.54, p 100 mg/l AOR 15.7 (3.69 to 66.9, p < 0.0001) and a history of alcohol abuse AOR 4.28 (1.87 to 9.82, p = 0.0006) or intravenous drug use AOR 2.82 (1.09 to 7.30, p = 0.03) as independently associated with development of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema. A history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with decreased risk, AOR 0.18 (0.06 to 0.53, p = 0.002). A 6-point scoring system using these combined variables had good discriminatory value: area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) 0.84 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.86, p < 0.0001). This study has identified seven clinical factors predicting the development of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema. Independent validation is needed.
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              Recommendations of diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusion. Update.

              Although during the last few years there have been several important changes in the diagnostic or therapeutic methods, pleural effusion is still one of the diseases that the respiratory specialist have to evaluate frequently. The aim of this paper is to update the knowledge about pleural effusions, rather than to review the causes of pleural diseases exhaustively. These recommendations have a longer extension for the subjects with a direct clinical usefulness, but a slight update of other pleural diseases has been also included. Among the main scientific advantages are included the thoracic ultrasonography, the intrapleural fibrinolytics, the pleurodesis agents, or the new pleural drainages techniques.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                fh
                Farmacia Hospitalaria
                Farm Hosp.
                Grupo Aula Médica (Toledo, Toledo, Spain )
                1130-6343
                2171-8695
                February 2020
                : 44
                : 1
                : 16-19
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameHospital Clínic orgdiv1Clinic Respiratory Institute orgdiv2Pneumology Service Spain
                [2] orgnameHospital Clínic orgdiv1Clinic Respiratory Institute orgdiv2Thoracic Surgery Service Spain
                [1] orgnameHospital Clínic orgdiv1Pharmacy Service Spain
                Article
                S1130-63432020000100016 S1130-6343(20)04400100016
                10.7399/fh.11276
                c3e097ab-0bff-45c1-954e-588211757e4f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 September 2019
                : 27 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 10, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originals

                Dornasa,Protocolo,Urokinase,Dornase,Intrapleural therapy,Empiema,Protocol,Tratamiento intrapleural,Uroquinasa,DNasa,Empyema,DNase

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