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      Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and Validity Study in Greece

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          To translate the Perceived Stress Scale (versions PSS-4, −10 and −14) and to assess its psychometric properties in a sample of general Greek population.

          Methods:

          941 individuals completed anonymously questionnaires comprising of PSS, the Depression Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS-21 version), and a list of stress-related symptoms. Psychometric properties of PSS were investigated by confirmatory factor analysis (construct validity), Cronbach’s alpha (reliability), and by investigating relations with the DASS-21 scores and the number of symptoms, across individuals’ characteristics. The two-factor structure of PSS-10 and PSS-14 was confirmed in our analysis. We found satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha values (0.82 for the full scale) for PSS-14 and PSS-10 and marginal satisfactory values for PSS-4 (0.69). PSS score exhibited high correlation coefficients with DASS-21 subscales scores, meaning stress ( r = 0.64), depression ( r = 0.61), and anxiety ( r = 0.54). Women reported significantly more stress compared to men and divorced or widows compared to married or singled only. A strong significant ( p < 0.001) positive correlation between the stress score and the number of self-reported symptoms was also noted.

          Conclusions:

          The Greek versions of the PSS-14 and PSS-10 exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties and their use for research and health care practice is warranted.

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          Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).

          Eduardo Remor (2006)
          This paper presents evidence from a heterogeneous sample of 440 Spanish adults, for the reliability and validity of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to measure the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. The European Spanish version PSS (14-item) demonstrated adequate reliability (internal consistency, alpha = .81, and test-retest, r = .73), validity (concurrent), and sensitivity. Additional data indicate adequate reliability (alpha = .82, test-retest, r = .77), validity, and sensitivity of a 10-item short version of the PSS.
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            Three versions of Perceived Stress Scale: validation in a sample of Chinese cardiac patients who smoke

            Doris YP Leung, Tai Lam, Sophia Chan (2010)
            Background Smoking causes heart disease, the major cause of death in China and Hong Kong. Stress is one major trigger of smoking and relapse, and understanding stress among smoking cardiac patients can therefore help in designing effective interventions to motivate them to quit. The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and to compare the appropriateness of the three versions of the scale (PSS-14, PSS-10, and PSS-4) among Chinese cardiac patients who were also smokers. Methods From March 2002 to December 2004, 1860 cardiac patients who smoked were recruited at the cardiac outpatient clinics of ten acute hospitals in Hong Kong, and 1800 questionnaires were analysed. Participants completed a questionnaire including the PSS, nicotine dependence and certain demographic variables. The psychometric properties of the PSS were investigated: construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis, reliability using Cronbach's alpha and concurrent validity by examining the relationship with smoking- and health-related variables. Results For all the three versions of the PSS, confirmatory factor analyses corroborated the 2-factor structure of the scale, with the positive and negative factors correlating significantly and negatively to a moderate extent (r 0.5). All the correlations of the two subscales and the smoking- and health-related variables were statistically significant and in the expected directions although of small magnitudes, except daily cigarette consumption. Conclusions The findings confirmed the satisfactory psychometric properties of all three Chinese versions of PSS. We recommend the use of PSS-10 for research which focuses on the two components of perceived stress, as it shows a higher reliability; and the use of PSS-4 if such partition is not essential and space for multiple measures is limited.
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              Structural equation modeling with Mplus, basic concepts, application and programming

              B Byrne, M Byrne B., B. M. Byrne … (2011)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 101238455
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Print): August 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 August 2011
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 3287-3298
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Postgraduate Course Stress Management and Health Promotion, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Str., 4, GR-115-27, Athens, Greece; E-Mails: eandeou@ 123456gmail.com (E.A.); varvogli@ 123456otenet.gr (L.V.); cdarviri@ 123456med.uoa.gr (C.D.)
                [2 ] Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 74100, Crete, Greece; E-Mail: lionis@ 123456galinos.med.uoc.gr
                [3 ] Technological Educational Institute of Messolonghi, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece; E-Mail: bgna@ 123456teimes.gr
                [4 ] 1st Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece; E-Mail: chrousge@ 123456med.uoa.gr
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [‡]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ecalexop@ 123456med.uoa.gr ; Tel: +30-210-671-9311.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-08-03287
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8083287
                PMC ID: 3166743
                PubMed ID: 21909307
                SO-VID: c3fedcdc-e146-4435-bca1-b7d0fa536a4e
                Copyright © © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 1 June 2011
                Date revision received : 2 July 2011
                Date accepted : 4 August 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: perceived stress scale,validation,translation,psychometric properties,greece
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: perceived stress scale, validation, translation, psychometric properties, greece

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