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      Toxoplasma gondii in wild and domestic animals from New Caledonia Translated title: Toxoplasma gondii chez des animaux sauvages et domestiques en Nouvelle-Calédonie

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          Abstract

          Samples (serum or meat juice) collected from 205 animals in New Caledonia in April 2009 were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii by ELISA using the multi-species ID Screen ® Toxoplasmosis Indirect kit (IDVET, Montpellier). Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 2% (1/49) of the pigs, in 3.3% (1/30) of the cattle, in 13.8% (4/29) of Rusa deers, in 16% (4/25) of the horses, in 32.8% (21/64) of the dogs, and in 50% (4/8) of cats. Statistically, no significant difference was observed between T. gondii seroprevalence and age or sex. No survey on the prevalence of T. gondii in animals has ever been conducted in New Caledonia and this is the first serological evidence of T. gondii in Rusa deer ( Cervus timorensis russa). These results indicate an important circulation of T. gondii exists in the animal populations of New Caledonia. In view of humans being exposed, it is advisable to insist on sanitary education and on respect for good hygienic and food practice.

          Translated abstract

          205 échantillons de deux types (sang ou muscle) ont été recueillis en avril 2009 en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Une recherche sérologique sur sérum et sur fluide musculaire a été menée par la technique ELISA à l’aide du kit multi-espèce ID Screen ® Toxoplasmosis Indirect (IDVET, Montpellier) pour la détection d’anticorps dirigés contre la protéine P30 de Toxoplasma gondii. Les résultats montrent une séropositivité de 2 % (1/49) chez les porcs, 3,3 % (1/30) chez les bovins, 13,8 % (4/29) chez les cerfs, 16 % (4/25) chez les chevaux, 32,8 % (21/64) chez les chiens et 50 % (4/8) chez les chats. D’après nos résultats, ni le sexe, ni l’âge de l’animal n’interviennent de façon statistiquement significative sur sa positivité vis-à-vis de T. gondii. À notre connaissance, c’est la première fois qu’une enquête sérologique est menée sur des animaux en Nouvelle-Calédonie, et la première mise en évidence sérologique du parasite chez le cerf rusa ( Cervus timorensis russa). Ces résultats sérologiques indiquent une circulation importante de T. gondii dans les populations animales de Nouvelle-Calédonie. L’homme étant particulièrement exposé, il convient, tout particulièrement, d’insister sur l’éducation sanitaire et sur le respect des bonnes pratiques hygiéniques et alimentaires.

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          Most cited references17

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          An innovative survey underlining the significant level of contamination by Toxoplasma gondii of ovine meat consumed in France.

          Consumption of sheep meat presents a risk of human contamination by Toxoplasma gondii. A nationwide study was conducted in France to evaluate the prevalence of Toxoplasma in fresh ovine meat. A sampling procedure was established to guarantee the representativity of consumption. As is the case for meat consumed, half of the samples were from France and half were imported from other countries. Animals were selected according to their age, as lamb (<12months) represents 90% of the meat consumed. Available data for French samples allowed the selection of 16 districts distributed in seven areas according to their density of production. Diaphragms and hearts from 433 sheep were collected. Diaphragms were collected from 398 imported carcasses. Fluids from hearts and diaphragms were tested serologically. All hearts were bioassayed in mice and parasite isolates were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite markers. Prevalence estimates were calculated, taking into account uneven distribution of production and age. For French meat, the effect of area, age and their interactions was evaluated. The overall estimate of Toxoplasma seroprevalence was 17.7% (11.6-31.5%) for lambs and 89% (73.5-100%) for adults (P<0.0001). No significant difference was observed between imported and French meat. In France, seroprevalence in lambs showed an increasing North-western to Southern gradient. The proportion of French carcasses carrying live parasites according to bioassay results was estimated at 5.4% (3-7.5%) (45 genotype II; one genotype III). This study offers an accurate drawing of the toxoplasmosis pattern amongst sheep consumed in France and a model for a zoonosis hazard control survey. 2009 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in commercial meat products as monitored by polymerase chain reaction--food for thought?

            DNA was extracted from 71 meat samples obtained from UK retail outlets. All of these DNA preparations gave the expected polymerase chain reaction products when amplified with primers specific for the species from which the meat originated. A second polymerase chain reaction analysis, using primers specific for the Toxoplasma gondii SAG2 locus, revealed the presence of this parasite in 27 of the meat samples. Restriction analysis and DNA sequencing showed that 21 of the contaminated meats contained parasites genotyped as type I at the SAG2 locus, whilst six of the samples contained parasites of both types I and II. Toxoplasma- positive samples were subjected to further polymerase chain reaction analysis to determine whether any carried an allele of the dihydropteroate synthase gene that has recently been shown to be causally associated with sulfonamide resistance in T. gondii. In all cases, this analysis confirmed that parasites were present in the samples and, additionally, revealed that none of them carried the drug-resistant form of dihydropteroate synthase. These results suggest that a significant proportion of meats commercially available in the UK are contaminated with T. gondii. Although none of the parasites detected in this study carried the sulfonamide-resistance mutation, a simplified procedure for monitoring this situation merits development.
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              Experimental studies in pigs on Trichinella detection in different diagnostic matrices.

              A total of 72 specific pathogen-free (SPF) and Iberian pigs (three animals per group) were inoculated with 200, 1000 or 20,000 muscle larvae of T. spiralis, T. nativa, T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis. For each animal, the muscle larva burden was evaluated in nine muscle samples by digestion. The anti-Trichinella IgG kinetics in blood samples, taken twice prior and at days 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 post-inoculation, and in muscle juice, obtained at necropsy, was evaluated by an ELISA using an excretory/secretory antigen. The mean larval recovery rate in SPF/Iberian pigs corresponded with the level of inoculum dose, and tongue, diaphragm and masseter were identified as predilection muscles. In SPF and Iberian pigs receiving 20,000 larvae of T. spiralis, an earlier seroconversion was detected from day 25 post-inoculation. At a 10-fold dilution, the muscle juice showed a good test agreement with blood serum.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                November 2011
                15 November 2011
                : 18
                : 4 ( publisher-idID: parasite/2011/04 )
                : 345-348
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Groupe de travail en épidémiologie animale du Service de Santé des Armées Marseille France
                [2 ] ANSES, ENVA, UPEC-UMR BIPAR, École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort Maisons-Alfort France
                [3 ] Direction interarmées du Service de Santé des Forces Armées en Nouvelle-Calédonie Nouméa Nouvelle-Calédonie
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Cédric Roqueplo. E-mail: cedric.roqueplo@ 123456wanadoo.fr
                Article
                parasite2011184p345 10.1051/parasite/2011184345
                10.1051/parasite/2011184345
                3677588
                22091467
                c4225304-5552-4a2c-b7f9-24975c9b81c4
                © PRINCEPS Editions, Paris, 2011

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 11 April 2011
                : 13 September 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 4
                Categories
                Research Note

                new caledonia,rusa deer,livestock,horse,domestic carnivore,toxoplasma gondii,nouvelle-calédonie,cerf rusa,animal d’élevage,cheval,carnivore domestique

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