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      Different modulation effects of Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin on resting-state functional connectivity of the default mode network in older adults

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          Abstract

          The default mode network (DMN) plays an important role in age-related cognitive decline. This study aims to explore the modulation effect of two mind–body interventions (Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin) on DMN in elderly individuals. Participants between 50 and 70 years old were recruited and randomized into a Tai Chi Chuan, Baduanjin or control group. The Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese Revision and resting-state fMRI scans were administered at baseline and following 12 weeks of exercise. Seed-based resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) was calculated. We found that (i) compared to the Baduanjin group, Tai Chi Chuan was significantly associated with increased rsFC between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and right putamen/caudate and (ii) compared to the control group, Tai Chi Chuan increased posterior cingulate cortex rsFC with the right putamen/caudate, while Baduanjin decreased rsFC between the mPFC and orbital prefrontal gyrus/putamen. Baseline mPFC rsFC with orbital prefrontal gyrus was negatively correlated with visual reproduction subscore. These results suggest that both Tai Chi Chuan and Baduanjin can modulate the DMN, but through different pathways. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying different mind–body interventions may shed light on the development of new methods to prevent age-related diseases as well as other disorders associated with disrupted DMN.

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          The brain's default mode network.

          Marcus E. Raichle (2015)
          The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its discovery was an unexpected consequence of brain-imaging studies first performed with positron emission tomography in which various novel, attention-demanding, and non-self-referential tasks were compared with quiet repose either with eyes closed or with simple visual fixation. The default mode network consistently decreases its activity when compared with activity during these relaxed nontask states. The discovery of the default mode network reignited a longstanding interest in the significance of the brain's ongoing or intrinsic activity. Presently, studies of the brain's intrinsic activity, popularly referred to as resting-state studies, have come to play a major role in studies of the human brain in health and disease. The brain's default mode network plays a central role in this work.
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            The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation.

            Yi-Yuan Tang, Britta K. Hölzel, Michael I. Posner (2015)
            Research over the past two decades broadly supports the claim that mindfulness meditation - practiced widely for the reduction of stress and promotion of health - exerts beneficial effects on physical and mental health, and cognitive performance. Recent neuroimaging studies have begun to uncover the brain areas and networks that mediate these positive effects. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear, and it is apparent that more methodologically rigorous studies are required if we are to gain a full understanding of the neuronal and molecular bases of the changes in the brain that accompany mindfulness meditation.
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              The role of medial prefrontal cortex in memory and decision making.

              David R. Euston, Aaron J. Gruber, Bruce L. McNaughton … (2013)
              Some have claimed that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) mediates decision making. Others suggest mPFC is selectively involved in the retrieval of remote long-term memory. Yet others suggests mPFC supports memory and consolidation on time scales ranging from seconds to days. How can all these roles be reconciled? We propose that the function of the mPFC is to learn associations between context, locations, events, and corresponding adaptive responses, particularly emotional responses. Thus, the ubiquitous involvement of mPFC in both memory and decision making may be due to the fact that almost all such tasks entail the ability to recall the best action or emotional response to specific events in a particular place and time. An interaction between multiple memory systems may explain the changing importance of mPFC to different types of memories over time. In particular, mPFC likely relies on the hippocampus to support rapid learning and memory consolidation. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): scan
                Title: Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 1749-5016
                ISSN (Electronic): 1749-5024
                Publication date Collection: February 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 January 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 18 January 2019
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 217-224
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Fujian Rehabilitation Tech Co-innovation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
                [2 ]Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
                [3 ]Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
                [4 ]College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
                [5 ]Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to Lidian Chen, College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Huatuo Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P. R. China. E-mail: 1984010@ 123456fjtcm.edu.cn

                Jiao Liu and Jing Tao contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: nsz001
                DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz001
                PMC ID: 6374601
                PubMed ID: 30690554
                SO-VID: c42d911e-6c81-49fa-a3bf-92870af3c0e9
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                Date received : 7 December 2017
                Date revision received : 14 November 2018
                Date accepted : 12 January 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: National Rehabilitation Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Rehabilitation Industrial Institution and Fujian Rehabilitation Tech Co-innovation Center
                Funded by: Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China
                Funded by: Ministry of Science and Technology 10.13039/100007225
                Award ID: X2012007
                Funded by: Special Scientific Research Fund of Public Welfare Profession of China
                Award ID: 201307004
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: tai chi chuan,baduanjin,default mode network,resting-state functional connectivity,aging,memory,mind–body exercise
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: tai chi chuan, baduanjin, default mode network, resting-state functional connectivity, aging, memory, mind–body exercise

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