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      The gendered effect of an overwork climate and high personal standards for work–home conflict during the pandemic

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          Abstract

          Although working from home and various other forms of flexible work are often presented as measures to strengthen work–life balance, research depicts a less optimistic picture. Previous research has shown that the impact of telework on work–home conflict is controversial, depending on various factors that are also frequently gender-specific. In this study, the authors evaluate and compare the effects of external expectations (i.e., an organizational overwork climate) and internal expectations (i.e., high personal standards) on changes in work–home conflict between working men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania. Both types of expectations were associated with difficulties reconciling work and private life. Due to their interactions with stereotypical gender roles, organizational expectations encouraging overtime work had a more pronounced effect on male employees. Results suggest that an overwork climate within organizations is a problem not only for employees’ well-being but also poses a risk to gender equality in work and private life.

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          Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance

          Fang-Fang Chen (2007)
          Article 0 comments Cited 1883 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Measurement Invariance Conventions and Reporting: The State of the Art and Future Directions for Psychological Research.

            Diane Putnick, Marc H. Bornstein (2016)
            Measurement invariance assesses the psychometric equivalence of a construct across groups or across time. Measurement noninvariance suggests that a construct has a different structure or meaning to different groups or on different measurement occasions in the same group, and so the construct cannot be meaningfully tested or construed across groups or across time. Hence, prior to testing mean differences across groups or measurement occasions (e.g., boys and girls, pretest and posttest), or differential relations of the construct across groups, it is essential to assess the invariance of the construct. Conventions and reporting on measurement invariance are still in flux, and researchers are often left with limited understanding and inconsistent advice. Measurement invariance is tested and established in different steps. This report surveys the state of measurement invariance testing and reporting, and details the results of a literature review of studies that tested invariance. Most tests of measurement invariance include configural, metric, and scalar steps; a residual invariance step is reported for fewer tests. Alternative fit indices (AFIs) are reported as model fit criteria for the vast majority of tests; χ(2) is reported as the single index in a minority of invariance tests. Reporting AFIs is associated with higher levels of achieved invariance. Partial invariance is reported for about one-third of tests. In general, sample size, number of groups compared, and model size are unrelated to the level of invariance achieved. Implications for the future of measurement invariance testing, reporting, and best practices are discussed.
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              COVID‐19 and the Gender Gap in Work Hours

              Caitlyn Collins, Liana Christin Landivar, Leah Ruppanner … (2020)
              School and daycare closures due to the COVID‐19 pandemic have increased caregiving responsibilities for working parents. As a result, many have changed their work hours to meet these growing demands. In this study, we use panel data from the U.S. Current Population Survey to examine changes in mothers’ and fathers’ work hours from February through April, 2020, the period of time prior to the widespread COVID‐19 outbreak in the U.S. and through its first peak. Using person‐level fixed effects models, we find that mothers with young children have reduced their work hours four to five times more than fathers. Consequently, the gender gap in work hours has grown by 20 to 50 percent. These findings indicate yet another negative consequence of the COVID‐19 pandemic, highlighting the challenges it poses to women's work hours and employment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Econ Ind Democr
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Econ Ind Democr
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Journal ID (hwp): speid
                Title: Economic and Industrial Democracy
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Print): 0143-831X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1461-7099
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 April 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 25 April 2023
                Electronic Location Identifier: 0143831X231167497
                Affiliations
                [1-0143831X231167497]Institute of Psychology, Organizational Psychology Research Center, Vilnius University, Lithuania
                Author notes
                [*]Arūnas Žiedelis, Institute of Psychology, Organizational Psychology Research Center, Vilnius University, Universiteto str. 9/1, Room 415, Vilnius, LT–01513, Lithuania. Email: arunas.ziedelis@ 123456fsf.vu.lt
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7367-9988
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2926-482X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-2632
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_0143831X231167497
                DOI: 10.1177/0143831X231167497
                PMC ID: 10130933
                SO-VID: c46e136b-5b11-4a1c-b42c-c96f52c97212
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: lietuvos mokslo taryba, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004504;
                Award ID: S-MIP-20-1
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                edited-state corrected-proof
                typesetter ts1

                Keywords: gender,high personal standards,overwork climate,work–home conflict
                Data availability:
                Keywords: gender, high personal standards, overwork climate, work–home conflict

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