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      La hipertensión arterial en la tercera edad Translated title: High blood pressure in third age

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          Abstract

          A partir de la quinta o sexta décadas de la vida, la hipertensión arterial adopta formas y obedece a causas diferentes a las del niño o a las del adulto joven. En este caso, la presión arterial sistólica aumenta (> 140 mmHg) y la diastólica se mantiene o disminuye (< 90 mmHg) y se incrementa la presión diferencial. La causa es la rigidez de las arterias de conductancia por la aterosclerosis y la acción de algunas hormonas como: adrenalina, noradrenalina, angiotensina II y aldosterona sobre la pared media arterial. El diagnóstico se hace constatando hipertensión sistólica aislada en pacientes mayores de 50 años. En jóvenes, además de la presión sistólica elevada con presión diastólica normal o baja, es conveniente medir otros indicadores de rigidez aórtica. La hipertensión sistólica en la tercera edad suele asociarse a: hipertrofia arterial y ventricular izquierda, disminución de la relajación de las paredes cardíacas y coronarias, isquemia miocárdica, nefrosclerosis, declinación cognoscitiva o incluso, demencia. El tratamiento requiere cuidados especiales y se debe adaptar a la frecuente comorbilidad de la edad avanzada. Los grupos antihipertensivos más efectivos, según ensayos al azar, son: los inhibidores de la enzima conversora de angiotensina, los bloqueadores de la angiotensina II, los antagonistas de la aldosterona y los bloqueadores de calcio. Los nitratos y los diuréticos se han empleado para reducir la presión sistólica, especialmente cuando concurre regurgitación valvular aórtica. La disminución de la presión sistólica, parece traer como consecuencia un retardo o detención de las complicaciones cardiovasculares, de la declinación cognoscitiva y de la demencia en pacientes de edad avanzada.

          Translated abstract

          From the fifth or sixth decades of life, high blood pressure adopts ways and is due to different causes to that of child or to that of young adult. In this case, systolic arterial pressure increases (> 140 mmHg), and the diastolic one remains or decreases (< 90 mmHg), and differential pressure increases. The cause is conduction artery stiffness by atherosclerosis as well as the action of some hormones including: adrenaline, noradrenaline, agiotensin II, and aldosterone on the arterial medium wall. Diagnosis is made verifying presence of an isolated systolic high blood pressure in patients aged over 50. In youngest, in addition to high systolic pressure with a normal or low diastolic pressure, it is advisable measurement of others indicators of aortic stiffness. Systolic pressure in third age may to be associated with: left ventricular and arterial hypertrophy, a relaxation decrease of cardiac and coronary walls, myocardial ischemia, nephroesclerosis, cognitive decline or even dementia. Treatment requires special cares and must to adjust to the frequent morbidity of old age. The more effective antihypertensive groups according to randomized assays include: agiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, agiotensin II blockers, aldosterone antagonists, and calcium blockers. Nitrates and diuretic agents have been used to reduce systolic pressure, especially when there is an aortic valvular regurgitation. Decrease of systolic pressure to result in a delay or an arrest of cardiovascular complications, of cognitive decline, and dementia in third age patients.

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          Most cited references68

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          Blood pressure and ageing.

          E Pinto (2007)
          Isolated systolic hypertension, an elevation in systolic but not diastolic pressure, is the most prevalent type of hypertension in those aged 50 or over, occurring either de novo or as a development after a long period of systolic-diastolic hypertension with or without treatment. The increase in blood pressure with age is mostly associated with structural changes in the arteries and especially with large artery stiffness. It is known from various studies that rising blood pressure is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In the elderly, the most powerful predictor of risk is increased pulse pressure due to decreased diastolic and increased systolic blood pressure. All evidence indicates that treating the elderly hypertensive patient will reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. However, there is no evidence yet for the very elderly. This population is particularly susceptible to side effects of treatments and the reduction of blood pressure, although reducing the risk of cardiovascular events such as stroke, may result in increased mortality.
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            • Article: not found

            Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling.

            "Remodeling" implies changes that result in rearrangement of normally existing structures. This review focuses only on permanent modifications in relation to clinical dysfunction in cardiac remodeling (CR) secondary to myocardial infarction (MI) and/or arterial hypertension and includes a special section on the senescent heart, since CR is mainly a disease of the elderly. From a biological point of view, CR is determined by 1 ) the general process of adaptation which allows both the myocyte and the collagen network to adapt to new working conditions; 2) ventricular fibrosis, i.e., increased collagen concentration, which is multifactorial and caused by senescence, ischemia, various hormones, and/or inflammatory processes; 3) cell death, a parameter linked to fibrosis, which is usually due to necrosis and apoptosis and occurs in nearly all models of CR. The process of adaptation is associated with various changes in genetic expression, including a general activation that causes hypertrophy, isogenic shifts which result in the appearance of a slow isomyosin, and a new Na+-K+-ATPase with a low affinity for sodium, reactivation of genes encoding for atrial natriuretic factor and the renin-angiotensin system, and a diminished concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, beta-adrenergic receptors, and the potassium channel responsible for transient outward current. From a clinical point of view, fibrosis is for the moment a major marker for cardiac failure and a crucial determinant of myocardial heterogeneity, increasing diastolic stiffness, and the propensity for reentry arrhythmias. In addition, systolic dysfunction is facilitated by slowing of the calcium transient and the downregulation of the entire adrenergic system. Modifications of intracellular calcium movements are the main determinants of the triggered activity and automaticity that cause arrhythmias and alterations in relaxation.
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              • Record: found
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              • Article: not found

              Aldosterone in congestive heart failure.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                med
                Revista Cubana de Medicina
                Rev cubana med
                ECIMED (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-302X
                June 2009
                : 48
                : 2
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Vascular Cuba
                Article
                S0034-75232009000200007
                c4ae2c47-df5d-45cf-ace5-30f588e7e156

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7523&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
                MEDICINE, LEGAL
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL

                Social law,Medicine,Internal medicine
                High blood pressure,Hipertensión arterial,tercera edad,tratamiento.,third age,treatment.

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