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      Radiation-induced glioma following CyberKnife® treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a case report

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      1 , , 1
      Journal of Medical Case Reports
      BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Post-stereotactic radiation-induced neoplasms, although relatively rare, have raised the question of benefit regarding CyberKnife® treatments versus the risk of a secondary malignancy. The incidence of such neoplasms arising in the nervous system is thought to be low, given the paucity of case reports regarding such secondary lesions.

          Case presentation

          Here we describe a case of a 43-year-old Middle Eastern woman with primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma and a metastatic focus to the left brain parenchyma who presented with focal neurologic deficits. Following post-surgical stereotactic radiation in the region of the brain metastasis, the patient developed a secondary high-grade astrocytoma nearly 5 years after the initial treatment.

          Conclusion

          Although the benefit of CyberKnife® radiotherapy treatments continues to outweigh the relatively low risk of a radiation-induced secondary malignancy, knowledge of such risks and a review of the literature are warranted.

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          Most cited references26

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          Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood.

          We investigated the relation between radiotherapy in childhood for tinea capitis and the later development of tumors of the brain and nervous system among 10,834 patients treated between 1948 and 1960 in Israel. Benign and malignant tumors were identified from the pathology records of all Israeli hospitals and from Israeli national cancer and death registries. Doses of radiation to the neural tissue were retrospectively estimated for each patient (mean, 1.5 Gy). Sixty neural tumors developed in the patients exposed as children, and the 30-year cumulative risk (+/- SE) was 0.8 +/- 0.2 percent. The incidence of tumors was 1.8 per 10,000 persons per year. The estimated relative risk as compared with that for 10,834 matched general-population controls and 5392 siblings who had not been irradiated was 6.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 4.1 to 11.6) for all tumors and 8.4 (confidence interval, 4.8 to 14.8) when the analysis was restricted to neural tumors of the head and neck. Increased risks were apparent for meningiomas (relative risk, 9.5; n = 19), gliomas (relative risk, 2.6; n = 7), nerve-sheath tumors (relative risk, 18.8; n = 25), and other neural tumors (relative risk, 3.4; n = 9). A strong dose--response relation was found, with the relative risk approaching 20 after estimated doses of approximately 2.5 Gy. Our study confirms that radiation doses on the order of 1 to 2 Gy can significantly increase the risk of neural tumors.
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            Sarcoma arising in irradiated bone; report of 11 cases.

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              Risk of second brain tumor after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma: update after an additional 10 years.

              We assessed the risk of second brain tumors in a cohort of patients with pituitary adenoma treated with conservative surgery and external beam radiotherapy. Four hundred and twenty-six patients (United Kingdom residents) with pituitary adenomas received radiotherapy at the Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH) between 1962 and 1994. They were followed up for 5749 person-years. The cumulative incidence of second intracranial tumors and systemic malignancy was compared with population incidence rates through the Thames Cancer Registry and the National Health Service Central Register (previously OPCS) to record death and the potential causes. Eleven patients developed a second brain tumor, including five meningiomas, four high grade astrocytomas, one meningeal sarcoma, and one primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The cumulative risk of second brain tumors was 2.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.9-4.4%] at 10 yr and 2.4% (95% CI, 1.2-5.0%) at 20 yr, measured from the date of radiotherapy. The relative risk of second brain tumor compared with the incidence in the normal population was 10.5 (95% CI, 4.3-16.7). The relative risk was 7.0 for neuroepithelial and 24.3 for meningeal tumors. The relative risks were 24.2 (95% CI, 4.8-43.5), 2.9 (95% CI, 0-8.5), and 28.6 (95% CI, 0.6-56.6) during the intervals 5-9, 10-19, and more than 20 yr after radiotherapy (four cases occurred >20 yr after treatment). There was no evidence of excess risk of second systemic malignancy. An additional 10-yr update confirmed our previous report of an increased risk of second brain tumors in patients with pituitary adenoma treated with surgery and radiotherapy. The 2.4% risk at 20 yr remains low and should not preclude the use of radiotherapy as an effective treatment option. However, an increased risk of second brain tumors continues beyond 20 and 30 yr after treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Med Case Rep
                J Med Case Rep
                Journal of Medical Case Reports
                BioMed Central
                1752-1947
                2012
                3 September 2012
                : 6
                : 271
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Pathology Department, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
                Article
                1752-1947-6-271
                10.1186/1752-1947-6-271
                3469351
                22943305
                c4b515ae-c86c-4eb8-9a32-72148f53b982
                Copyright ©2012 Abedalthagafi and Bakhshwin; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 February 2012
                : 21 June 2012
                Categories
                Case Report

                Medicine
                Medicine

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