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      Effects of vertebral number variations on carcass traits and genotyping of Vertnin candidate gene in Kazakh sheep

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The vertebral number is associated with body length and carcass traits, which represents an economically important trait in farm animals. The variation of vertebral number has been observed in a few mammalian species. However, the variation of vertebral number and quantitative trait loci in sheep breeds have not been well addressed.

          Methods

          In our investigation, the information including gender, age, carcass weight, carcass length and the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae from 624 China Kazakh sheep was collected. The effect of vertebral number variation on carcass weight and carcass length was estimated by general linear model. Further, the polymorphic sites of Vertnin ( VRTN) gene were identified by sequencing, and the association of the genotype and vertebral number variation was analyzed by the one-way analysis of variance model.

          Results

          The variation of thoracolumbar vertebrae number in Kazakh sheep (18 to 20) was smaller than that in Texel sheep (17 to 21). The individuals with 19 thoracolumbar vertebrae (T13L6) were dominant in Kazakh sheep (79.2%). The association study showed that the numbers of thoracolumbar vertebrae were positively correlated with the carcass length and carcass weight, statistically significant with carcass length. To investigate the association of thoracolumbar vertebrae number with VRTN gene, we genotyped the VRTN gene. A total of 9 polymorphic sites were detected and only a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs426367238) was suggested to associate with thoracic vertebral number statistically.

          Conclusion

          The variation of thoracolumbar vertebrae number positively associated with the carcass length and carcass weight, especially with the carcass length. VRTN gene polymorphism of the SNP (rs426367238) with significant effect on thoracic vertebral number could be as a candidate marker to further evaluate its role in influence of thoracolumbar vertebral number.

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          Evolution of the vertebral formulae in mammals: a perspective on developmental constraints.

          Shigeru Kuratani, Yuichi Narita (2005)
          Developmental constraints refer to biases that limit phenotypic changes during evolution. To examine the contribution of developmental constraints in the evolution of vertebrate morphology, we analyzed the distribution pattern of mammalian vertebral formulae. Data on mammalian vertebral formulae were collected from the Descriptive Catalogue of the Osteological Series Contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England by Richard Owen (1853) and were plotted onto the most reliable mammalian phylogenetic tree based on recent molecular studies. In addition to the number of cervical vertebrae that is almost fixed to 7, we found that the number of thoracolumbar vertebrae tends to be 19 in many groups of mammals. Since fidelity of the number of thoracolumbar vertebrae was also completely maintained in Monotremata and Marsupialia, we presumed that thoracolumbar vertebral number as well as cervical vertebral number might have been fixed in the primitive mammalian lineage. On the basis of primitive vertebral formulae, we could clarify the polarity of evolution and identify several deviations from the primitive states during the mammalian evolution. The changes in the vertebral formulae in eutherian mammals seem to be lineage-specific, such that most species in Carnivora have 20 instead of 19 thoracolumbar vertebrae. Because such lineage-specific vertebral formulae contrast with the estimated distribution pattern on the assumption of evolution only through the selective pressure, we concluded that developmental constraints played an important role in the evolution of mammalian vertebral formulae. Copyright 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            Fine mapping of a swine quantitative trait locus for number of vertebrae and analysis of an orphan nuclear receptor, germ cell nuclear factor (NR6A1).

            Naohiko Okumura, Hirohide Uenishi, Michiko Domukai … (2007)
            The number of vertebrae in pigs varies and is associated with meat productivity. Wild boars, which are ancestors of domestic pigs, have 19 vertebrae. In comparison, European commercial breeds have 21-23 vertebrae, probably owing to selective breeding for enlargement of body size. We previously identified two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the number of vertebrae on Sus scrofa chromosomes (SSC) 1 and 7. These QTL explained an increase of more than two vertebrae. Here, we performed a map-based study to define the QTL region on SSC1. By using three F2 experimental families, we performed interval mapping and recombination analyses and defined the QTL within a 1.9-cM interval. Then we analyzed the linkage disequilibrium of microsatellite markers in this interval and found that 10 adjacent markers in a 300-kb region were almost fixed in European commercial breeds. Genetic variation of the markers was observed in Asian local breeds or wild boars. This region encoded an orphan nuclear receptor, germ cell nuclear factor (NR6A1, formerly known as GCNF), which contained an amino acid substitution (Pro192Leu) coincident with the QTL. This substitution altered the binding activity of NR6A1 to its corepressors, nuclear receptor-associated protein 80 (RAP80) and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1). In addition, somites of mouse embryos demonstrated expression of NR6A1 protein. Together, these results suggest that NR6A1 is a strong candidate for one of the QTL that influence number of vertebrae in pigs.
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              Identification of a second gene associated with variation in vertebral number in domestic pigs

              Satoshi Mikawa, Shuji Sato, Masahiro Nii … (2011)
              Background The number of vertebrae in pigs varies and is associated with body size. Wild boars have 19 vertebrae, but European commercial breeds for pork production have 20 to 23 vertebrae. We previously identified two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for number of vertebrae on Sus scrofa chromosomes (SSC) 1 and 7, and reported that an orphan nuclear receptor, NR6A1, was located at the QTL on SSC1. At the NR6A1 locus, wild boars and Asian local breed pigs had the wild-type allele and European commercial-breed pigs had an allele associated with increased numbers of vertebrae (number-increase allele). Results Here, we performed a map-based study to define the other QTL, on SSC7, for which we detected genetic diversity in European commercial breeds. Haplotype analysis with microsatellite markers revealed a 41-kb conserved region within all the number-increase alleles in the present study. We also developed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 450-kb region around the QTL and used them for a linkage disequilibrium analysis and an association study in 199 independent animals. Three haplotype blocks were detected, and SNPs in the 41-kb region presented the highest associations with the number of vertebrae. This region encodes an uncharacterized hypothetical protein that is not a member of any other known gene family. Orthologs appear to exist not only in mammals but also birds and fish. This gene, which we have named vertnin (VRTN) is a candidate for the gene associated with variation in vertebral number. In pigs, the number-increase allele was expressed more abundantly than the wild-type allele in embryos. Among candidate polymorphisms, there is an insertion of a SINE element (PRE1) into the intron of the Q allele as well as the SNPs in the promoter region. Conclusions Genetic diversity of VRTN is the suspected cause of the heterogeneity of the number of vertebrae in commercial-breed pigs, so the polymorphism information should be directly useful for assessing the genetic ability of individual animals. The number-increase allele of swine VRTN was suggested to add an additional thoracic segment to the animal. Functional analysis of VRTN may provide novel findings in the areas of developmental biology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Asian-Australas J Anim Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci
                Title: Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
                Publisher: Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (AAAP) and Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology (KSAST)
                ISSN (Print): 1011-2367
                ISSN (Electronic): 1976-5517
                Publication date (Print): September 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 March 2017
                Volume: 30
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 1234-1238
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
                [2 ]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
                [3 ]Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830026, China
                [4 ]Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Animal, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830026, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Authors: Mingjun Liu, Tel: +86-991-3075280, Fax: +86-991-3075280, E-mail: mingjun_l@ 123456sina.com . Changyan Tian, Tel: +86-991-7885301, Fax: +86-991-7885320, E-mail: tianchy@ 123456ms.xjb.ac.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: ajas-30-9-1234
                DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0959
                PMC ID: 5582278
                PubMed ID: 28423880
                SO-VID: c4c1dd51-9ce1-48c1-a7be-b501546cc632
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 by Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 14 December 2016
                Date revision received : 20 January 2017
                Date accepted : 21 March 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Subject: Animal Breeding and Genetics

                Keywords: thoracic vertebral number,lumbar vertebral number,carcass length,carcass weight,vertnin gene,sheep
                Data availability:
                Keywords: thoracic vertebral number, lumbar vertebral number, carcass length, carcass weight, vertnin gene, sheep

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