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      Antidepressant chronotherapeutics for bipolar depression

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          Abstract

          Chronotherapeutics refers to treatments based on the principles of circadian rhythm organization and sleep physiology, which control the exposure to environmental stimuli that act on biological rhythms, in order to achieve therapeutic effects in the treatment of psychiatric conditions. It includes manipulations of the sleep-wake cycle such as sleep deprivation and sleep phase advance, and controlled exposure to light and dark. The antidepressant effects of chronotherapeutics are evident in difficult-to-treat conditions such as bipolar depression, which has been associated with extremely low success rates of antidepressant drugs in naturalistic settings and with stable antidepressant response to chronotherapeutics in more than half of the patients. Recent advances in the study of the effects of chronotherapeutics on neurotransmitter systems, and on the biological clock machinery, allow us to pinpoint its mechanism of action and to transform it from a neglected or “orphan” treatment to a powerful clinical instrument in everyday psychiatric practice.

          Translated abstract

          La cronoterapia se refiere a los tratamientos basados en fas principios de la organización del ritmo circadiano y de la fisiología del sueño, mediante el control de la exposición a los estímulos ambientales que actúan sobre los ritmos biológicos con el fin de conseguir efectos terapéuticos en el tratamiento de los cuadros psiquiátricos. Esta terapia incluye manipulaciones del ciclo sueño-vigilia como la privación de sueño y el avance de fase, junto con la exposición controlada a la luz y a la oscuridad. Los efectos antidepresivos de la cronoterapia son evidentes en cuadros de difícil tratamiento como la depresión bipolar, la cual se ha asociado con resultados de éxito extremadamente bajos para los fármacos antidepresivos en estudios naturalísticos y con una respuesta antidepresiva estable a la cronoterapia en más de la mitad de los pacientes. Avances recientes en el estudio de los efectos de la cronoterapia en los sistemas de neurotransmisión y en la maquinaria del reloj biológico, permiten identificar su mecanismo de acción y transformarla desde un rechazo o un “tratamiento huérfano” a un poderoso instrumento clínico en la práctica psiquiátrica cotidiana.

          Translated abstract

          La chronothérapie se rapporte aux traitements dont les principes reposent sur l'organisation des rythmes circadiens et la physiologie du sommeil, qui contrôlent l'exposition aux stimuli environnementaux agissant sur les rythmes biologiques, afin de pouvoir traiter les pathologies psychiatriques. Elle comprend des manipulations du cycle veille-sommeil comme la privation de sommeil et l'avance de phase du sommeil ainsi qu'une exposition contrôlée à la lumière et à la nuit. Les effets antidépresseurs de la chronothérapie sont évidents dans des pathologies difficiles à traiter comme la dépression bipolaire, qui a été associée à des taux de succès extrêmement faibles des antidépresseurs dans les échantillons naturalistes et à une réponse antidépressive stable à la chronothérapie chez plus de la moitié des patients. Des progrès récents dans l'étude des effets de la chronothérapie sur les neurotransmetteurs et sur l'horloge biologique nous permettent d'identifier son mécanisme d'action et de faire de ce traitement « orphelin » ou négligé un instrument clinique puissant en pratique psychiatrique quotidienne.

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          Most cited references176

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          Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep.

          When we fall asleep, consciousness fades yet the brain remains active. Why is this so? To investigate whether changes in cortical information transmission play a role, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation together with high-density electroencephalography and asked how the activation of one cortical area (the premotor area) is transmitted to the rest of the brain. During quiet wakefulness, an initial response (approximately 15 milliseconds) at the stimulation site was followed by a sequence of waves that moved to connected cortical areas several centimeters away. During non-rapid eye movement sleep, the initial response was stronger but was rapidly extinguished and did not propagate beyond the stimulation site. Thus, the fading of consciousness during certain stages of sleep may be related to a breakdown in cortical effective connectivity.
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            A randomized add-on trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant bipolar depression.

            Existing therapies for bipolar depression have a considerable lag of onset of action. Pharmacological strategies that produce rapid antidepressant effects-for instance, within a few hours or days-would have an enormous impact on patient care and public health. To determine whether an N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antagonist produces rapid antidepressant effects in subjects with bipolar depression. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, add-on study conducted from October 2006 to June 2009. Mood Disorders Research Unit at the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Patients Eighteen subjects with DSM-IV bipolar depression (treatment-resistant). Subjects maintained at therapeutic levels of lithium or valproate received an intravenous infusion of either ketamine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo on 2 test days 2 weeks apart. The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was used to rate subjects at baseline and at 40, 80, 110, and 230 minutes and on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 postinfusion. Change in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale primary efficacy measure scores. Within 40 minutes, depressive symptoms significantly improved in subjects receiving ketamine compared with placebo (d = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.76); this improvement remained significant through day 3. The drug difference effect size was largest at day 2 (d = 0.80, 95% CI, 0.55-1.04). Seventy-one percent of subjects responded to ketamine and 6% responded to placebo at some point during the trial. One subject receiving ketamine and 1 receiving placebo developed manic symptoms. Ketamine was generally well tolerated; the most common adverse effect was dissociative symptoms, only at the 40-minute point. In patients with treatment-resistant bipolar depression, robust and rapid antidepressant effects resulted from a single intravenous dose of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist.
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              Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK.

              Circadian rhythms and the genes that make up the molecular clock have long been implicated in bipolar disorder. Genetic evidence in bipolar patients suggests that the central transcriptional activator of molecular rhythms, CLOCK, may be particularly important. However, the exact role of this gene in the development of this disorder remains unclear. Here we show that mice carrying a mutation in the Clock gene display an overall behavioral profile that is strikingly similar to human mania, including hyperactivity, decreased sleep, lowered depression-like behavior, lower anxiety, and an increase in the reward value for cocaine, sucrose, and medial forebrain bundle stimulation. Chronic administration of the mood stabilizer lithium returns many of these behavioral responses to wild-type levels. In addition, the Clock mutant mice have an increase in dopaminergic activity in the ventral tegmental area, and their behavioral abnormalities are rescued by expressing a functional CLOCK protein via viral-mediated gene transfer specifically in the ventral tegmental area. These findings establish the Clock mutant mice as a previously unrecognized model of human mania and reveal an important role for CLOCK in the dopaminergic system in regulating behavior and mood.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                December 2012
                December 2012
                : 14
                : 4
                : 401-411
                Affiliations
                Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.4/fbenedetti
                3553570
                23393416
                c4d8c506-501d-4b27-986f-df1f15599640
                Copyright: © 2012 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Clinical Research

                Neurosciences
                bipolar disorder,antidepressant,sleep deprivation,light therapy,sleep phase advance,dawn simulation,serotonin,glutamate,dopamine,noradrenaline

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