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      Occupational crimes in casinos: employee theft in Macau, China

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          Abstract

          It is virtually impossible to accurately measure employee theft across the casino industry using official statistics. In this paper, we use the self-report method for measuring crime to (a) estimate the prevalence, incidence, seriousness, and versatility of occupational offending in casinos in Macau, China—the largest casino gambling location in the world; and (b) identify characteristics which correlate with that offending. One in seven employees in our sample (14%; 38 out of 281) reported engaging in at least one of six offenses (theft in the workplace, falsification of documents, computer fraud, bribe offering, bribe accepting, and white-collar exploitation) in the 12 months prior to their survey response. The great majority of active offenders specialized in crime type: 61% of the active offenders in our sample (23 out of 38) committed just one of the six occupational crimes. Criminal “specialization” notwithstanding, offenders committed their crimes relatively frequently; occupational crimes were particularly costly to casinos in the long run; and these offenses varied in their severity and extent depending on crime type. Demographic characteristics of casino employees—in particular, male gender, occupational position, work schedule, and work-related experience—were associated with whether an employee engaged in workplace crime. Regarding psychological and lifestyle characteristics of employees, only financial pressure and gambling behavior were significantly related to occupational offending. Given that casinos are subject to high levels of surveillance relative to other places of employment, criminal motivation, and not just opportunity, could matter in terms of crimes committed by workers in the gaming industry.

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          Most cited references53

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          High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success.

          What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.
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            FOUNDATION FOR A GENERAL STRAIN THEORY OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY*

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              Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) in Response to Job Stressors and Organizational Justice: Some Mediator and Moderator Tests for Autonomy and Emotions

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                hpontell@jjay.cuny.edu
                jliu@um.edu.mo
                c.contreras@umb.edu
                donnaleong@um.edu.mo
                lhuang14@uci.edu
                Journal
                Crime Law Soc Change
                Crime Law Soc Change
                Crime, Law, and Social Change
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                0925-4994
                1573-0751
                29 March 2022
                : 1-30
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.253482.a, ISNI 0000 0001 0170 7903, Department of Sociology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, , The Graduate Center, CUNY, ; New York, NY USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.437123.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 8068, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Law, , University of Macau, ; Taipa, MO, CN Macau
                [3 ]GRID grid.266684.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2184 9220, Department of Sociology, , University of Massachusetts, ; Boston, MA USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.437123.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1794 8068, Institute for the Study of Commercial Gaming, , University of Macau, ; Taipa, MO, CN Macau
                [5 ]GRID grid.266093.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0668 7243, Department of Criminology, Law & Society, , University of California, ; Irvine, CA USA
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-4581
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-9283
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2418-3847
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8485-2013
                Article
                10001
                10.1007/s10611-021-10001-2
                8964251
                c4f04c56-a3ed-450e-a770-6631cf52c5e1
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 16 October 2021
                Categories
                Article

                casinos,macau,employee theft,self-reported crime
                casinos, macau, employee theft, self-reported crime

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