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      Electrochemical Biosensors for Rapid Detection of Foodborne Salmonella: A Critical Overview

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          Abstract

          Salmonella has represented the most common and primary cause of food poisoning in many countries for at least over 100 years. Its detection is still primarily based on traditional microbiological culture methods which are labor-intensive, extremely time consuming, and not suitable for testing a large number of samples. Accordingly, great efforts to develop rapid, sensitive and specific methods, easy to use, and suitable for multi-sample analysis, have been made and continue. Biosensor-based technology has all the potentialities to meet these requirements. In this paper, we review the features of the electrochemical immunosensors, genosensors, aptasensors and phagosensors developed in the last five years for Salmonella detection, focusing on the critical aspects of their application in food analysis.

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          Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing.

          Krishnendu Saha, Sarit Agasti, Chaekyu Kim … (2012)
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            Nanoparticle-based bio-bar codes for the ultrasensitive detection of proteins.

            Jwa-Min Nam, C. Shad Thaxton, Chad A. Mirkin (2003)
            An ultrasensitive method for detecting protein analytes has been developed. The system relies on magnetic microparticle probes with antibodies that specifically bind a target of interest [prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in this case] and nanoparticle probes that are encoded with DNA that is unique to the protein target of interest and antibodies that can sandwich the target captured by the microparticle probes. Magnetic separation of the complexed probes and target followed by dehybridization of the oligonucleotides on the nanoparticle probe surface allows the determination of the presence of the target protein by identifying the oligonucleotide sequence released from the nanoparticle probe. Because the nanoparticle probe carries with it a large number of oligonucleotides per protein binding event, there is substantial amplification and PSA can be detected at 30 attomolar concentration. Alternatively, a polymerase chain reaction on the oligonucleotide bar codes can boost the sensitivity to 3 attomolar. Comparable clinically accepted conventional assays for detecting the same target have sensitivity limits of approximately 3 picomdar, six orders of magnitude less sensitive than what is observed with this method.
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              Nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications.

              S Chatterjee, Aicheng Chen (2013)
              A growing variety of sensors have increasingly significant impacts on everyday life. Key issues to take into consideration toward the integration of biosensing platforms include the demand for minimal costs and the potential for real time monitoring, particularly for point-of-care applications where simplicity must also be considered. In light of these developmental factors, electrochemical approaches are the most promising candidate technologies due to their simplicity, high sensitivity and specificity. The primary focus of this review is to highlight the utility of nanomaterials, which are currently being studied for in vivo and in vitro medical applications as robust and tunable diagnostic and therapeutic platforms. Highly sensitive and precise nanomaterials based biosensors have opened up the possibility of creating novel technologies for the early-stage detection and diagnosis of disease related biomarkers. The attractive properties of nanomaterials have paved the way for the fabrication of a wide range of electrochemical sensors that exhibit improved analytical capacities. This review aims to provide insights into nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors and to illustrate their benefits in various key biomedical applications. This emerging discipline, at the interface of chemistry and the life sciences, offers a broad palette of opportunities for researchers with interests that encompass nanomaterials synthesis, supramolecular chemistry, controllable drug delivery and targeted theranostics in biology and medicine.
              Article 0 comments Cited 148 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 August 2017
                Publication date Collection: August 2017
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1910
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; stefano.cinti@ 123456uniroma2.it (S.C.); silvia.piermarini@ 123456uniroma2.it (S.P.); giuseppe.palleschi@ 123456uniroma2.it (G.P.)
                [2 ]Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; elisabetta.delibato@ 123456iss.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: giulia.volpe@ 123456uniroma2.it ; Tel.: +39-0672594411; Fax: +39-0672594328
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-17-01910
                DOI: 10.3390/s17081910
                PMC ID: 5579882
                PubMed ID: 28820458
                SO-VID: c5165e06-c154-498f-8926-0418cc6599bc
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 05 July 2017
                Date accepted : 13 August 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: salmonella,electrochemical detection,immunosensors,genosensors,aptasensors,phagosensors,food analysis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: salmonella, electrochemical detection, immunosensors, genosensors, aptasensors, phagosensors, food analysis

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