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      Fisiopatología clínica en pacientes con enfermedad de células falciformes: la transición del dolor agudo al crónico Translated title: Clinical pathophysiology in patients with sickle cell disease: the transition from acute to chronic pain

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Los pacientes con enfermedad de células falciformes (ECF), también denominada drepanocítica, sufren un dolor intenso que suele comenzar durante la infancia y aumenta su gravedad a lo largo de la vida, lo que lleva a la hospitalización y a una mala calidad de vida a lo largo de los años. Una característica única de la ECF son las crisis vaso-oclusivas (CVO), caracterizadas por episodios recurrentes e impredecibles de dolor agudo. La obstrucción microvascular durante una CVO provoca una disminución del suministro de oxígeno a la periferia y una lesión por isquemia y posterior reperfusión, inflamación, estrés oxidativo y disfunción endotelial, todo lo cual puede perpetuar un microambiente nocivo que provoca dolor. Por otro lado, además de los dolores agudos episódicos, los pacientes con ECF también padecen dolor crónico, definido como dolor casi diario durante un periodo de 6 meses, asociado a trastornos psicosociales. Pueden deberse a lesiones crónicas como úlceras cutáneas, necrosis avascular ósea o infartos en diversos órganos. Asimismo, la sensibilización central parece estar directamente involucrada en la cronicidad del dolor y existe un componente de dolor neuropático claramente infradiagnosticado e infratratado. El tratamiento actual del dolor moderado a intenso en la ECF se basa principalmente en la administración de los opioides, vía oral, de liberación rápida ambulatoria o en forma de analgesia controlada por el paciente vía intravenosa intrahospitalaria. Sin embargo, el uso de opioides a largo plazo está asociado con múltiples efectos secundarios. Esta revisión presenta los últimos avances en la comprensión de la fisiopatología del dolor en la ECF y se describen los mecanismos subyacentes que pueden ayudar a desarrollar nuevas estrategias terapéuticas y/o preventivas para mejorar el dolor en la ECF.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) suffer from severe pain that often begins in childhood and increases in severity over the course of a lifetime, leading to hospitalization and poor quality of life over the years. A unique feature of SCD is vase-occlusive crises (VOC) characterized by recurrent and unpredictable episodes of acute pain. Microvascular occlusion during a VOC results in decreased oxygen supply to the periphery and injury from ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, all of which can perpetuate a harmful pain-causing microenvironment. On the other hand, in addition to episodic acute pain, SCD patients also report chronic pain, defined as almost daily pain over a 6-month period associated to either sicologic or social morbidities. They may be due to chronic lesions such as skin ulcers, avascular bone necrosis or infarctions in various organs. In addition, central sensitization appears to be directly involved in the chronicity of pain and there is a clearly under-diagnosed and under-treated component of neuropathic pain. Current treatment of moderate to severe pain in SCD is based primarily on opioids; either as an oral quick release outpatient or in the form of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia in the hospital. However, long-term opioid use is associated with multiple side effects. This review presents the latest advances in the understanding of the pathology of pain in SCD and describes objectives based on mechanisms that may help to develop new therapeutic and/or preventive strategies to improve pain in SCD.

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          Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain.

          We describe those sensations that are unpleasant, intense, or distressing as painful. Pain is not homogeneous, however, and comprises three categories: physiological, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. Multiple mechanisms contribute, each of which is subject to or an expression of neural plasticity-the capacity of neurons to change their function, chemical profile, or structure. Here, we develop a conceptual framework for the contribution of plasticity in primary sensory and dorsal horn neurons to the pathogenesis of pain, identifying distinct forms of plasticity, which we term activation, modulation, and modification, that by increasing gain, elicit pain hypersensitivity.
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            Acute care utilization and rehospitalizations for sickle cell disease.

            Published rates of health care utilization and rehospitalization by people with sickle cell disease have had limited generalizability and are not population based. To provide benchmark data for rates of acute care utilization and rehospitalizations for patients with sickle cell disease. Retrospective cohort of sickle cell disease-related emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations from select states in the 2005 and 2006 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Databases and State Emergency Department Databases. Eight geographically dispersed states (Arizona, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, South Carolina, and Tennessee) that provide encrypted identifiers and have sufficient numbers of patients with sickle cell disease; together these states have 33% of the US population with sickle cell disease. A total of 21,112 patients with sickle cell-related treat-and-release ED visits or inpatient hospitalizations. Rates of acute care utilization and rehospitalizations. Population-based utilization rates were also calculated. The 21,112 people with sickle cell disease had 109,344 encounters, a mean of 2.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.53-2.65) encounters per patient per year, 1.52 (95% CI, 1.48-1.55) encounters for hospitalizations and 1.08 (95% CI, 1.04-1.11) for treat-and-release ED visits. Utilization was highest for 18- to 30-year-olds, 3.61 (95% CI, 3.47-3.75) encounters per patient per year, and those with public insurance, 3.22 (95% CI, 3.13-3.31) encounters per patient per year. Publicly insured 18- to 30-year-olds had 4.80 (95% CI, 4.58-5.02) encounters per patient per year. Approximately 29% of the population had no encounters while 16.9% had 3 or more encounters per year. The 30-day and 14-day rehospitalization rates were 33.4% (95% CI, 33.0%-33.8%) and 22.1% (95% CI, 21.8%-22.4%), respectively. The rehospitalization rate was highest for 18- to 30-year-olds, with 41.1% (95% CI, 40.5%-41.7%) rehospitalized within 30 days and 28.4% (95% CI, 27.8%-29.0%) within 14 days. Rehospitalizations were also highest for publicly insured patients. Among patients with sickle cell disease, acute care encounters and rehospitalizations were frequent, particularly for 18- to 30-year-olds.
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              Global epidemiology of haemoglobin disorders and derived service indicators

              To demonstrate a method for using genetic epidemiological data to assess the needs for equitable and cost-effective services for the treatment and prevention of haemoglobin disorders. We obtained data on demographics and prevalence of gene variants responsible for haemoglobin disorders from online databases, reference resources, and published articles. A global epidemiological database for haemoglobin disorders by country was established, including five practical service indicators to express the needs for care (indicator 1) and prevention (indicators 2-5). Haemoglobin disorders present a significant health problem in 71% of 229 countries, and these 71% of countries include 89% of all births worldwide. Over 330 000 affected infants are born annually (83% sickle cell disorders, 17% thalassaemias). Haemoglobin disorders account for about 3.4% of deaths in children less than 5 years of age. Globally, around 7% of pregnant women carry b or a zero thalassaemia, or haemoglobin S, C, D Punjab or E, and over 1% of couples are at risk. Carriers and at-risk couples should be informed of their risk and the options for reducing it. Screening for haemoglobin disorders should form part of basic health services in most countries.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                August 2020
                : 27
                : 4
                : 258-269
                Affiliations
                [3] San Sebastián orgnameHospital Universitario de Donostia España
                [1] San Sebastián orgnameHospital Universitario de Donostia orgdiv1Departamento de Anestesiología, Cuidados Críticos y Medicina del Dolor Perioperatoria España
                [2] San Sebastián orgnameHospital Universitario de Donostia orgdiv1Unidad del Dolor, Manejo del Dolor Crónico España
                Article
                S1134-80462020000400008 S1134-8046(20)02700400008
                10.20986/resed.2020.3814/2020
                c5401049-755e-4079-b23a-94ab65376b4c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 April 2020
                : 07 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 57, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo Especial

                acute pain,Analgesia,enfermedad de células falciformes,opioids,dolor agudo,síndrome de dolor crónico,sickle cell disease,opioides,chronic pain syndrome

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