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      Century Impact of Macromolecules for Advances of Sensing Sciences

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          Abstract

          Impact of macro molecular theory on the progress of sensing sciences and technology has been presented in the light of materials developments, advances in physical and chemical properties. The chronological advances in the properties of macromolecules have significantly improved the sensing performances towards gases, heavy metals, biomolecules, hydrocarbon, and energetic compounds in terms of unexplored sensing parameters, durability, and working lifetime. In this review article, efforts have been made to correlate the advances in structure and interactivity of macro-molecules with their sensing behavior and working performances. The significant findings on the macromolecules towards advancing the sensing sciences are highlighted with the suitable illustration and schemes to establish it as a potential “microanalytical technique” along with existing challenges.

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          Enzyme immobilisation in biocatalysis: why, what and how.

          Phillip R. Sheldon, Sander van den Heuvel (2013)
          In this tutorial review, an overview of the why, what and how of enzyme immobilisation for use in biocatalysis is presented. The importance of biocatalysis in the context of green and sustainable chemicals manufacture is discussed and the necessity for immobilisation of enzymes as a key enabling technology for practical and commercial viability is emphasised. The underlying reasons for immobilisation are the need to improve the stability and recyclability of the biocatalyst compared to the free enzyme. The lower risk of product contamination with enzyme residues and low or no allergenicity are further advantages of immobilised enzymes. Methods for immobilisation are divided into three categories: adsorption on a carrier (support), encapsulation in a carrier, and cross-linking (carrier-free). General considerations regarding immobilisation, regardless of the method used, are immobilisation yield, immobilisation efficiency, activity recovery, enzyme loading (wt% in the biocatalyst) and the physical properties, e.g. particle size and density, hydrophobicity and mechanical robustness of the immobilisate, i.e. the immobilised enzyme as a whole (enzyme + support). The choice of immobilisate is also strongly dependent on the reactor configuration used, e.g. stirred tank, fixed bed, fluidised bed, and the mode of downstream processing. Emphasis is placed on relatively recent developments, such as the use of novel supports such as mesoporous silicas, hydrogels, and smart polymers, and cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs).
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            Molecular imprinting: perspectives and applications.

            Lingxin Chen, Xiaoyan Wang, Wenhui Lu … (2016)
            Molecular imprinting technology (MIT), often described as a method of making a molecular lock to match a molecular key, is a technique for the creation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with tailor-made binding sites complementary to the template molecules in shape, size and functional groups. Owing to their unique features of structure predictability, recognition specificity and application universality, MIPs have found a wide range of applications in various fields. Herein, we propose to comprehensively review the recent advances in molecular imprinting including versatile perspectives and applications, concerning novel preparation technologies and strategies of MIT, and highlight the applications of MIPs. The fundamentals of MIPs involving essential elements, preparation procedures and characterization methods are briefly outlined. Smart MIT for MIPs is especially highlighted including ingenious MIT (surface imprinting, nanoimprinting, etc.), special strategies of MIT (dummy imprinting, segment imprinting, etc.) and stimuli-responsive MIT (single/dual/multi-responsive technology). By virtue of smart MIT, new formatted MIPs gain popularity for versatile applications, including sample pretreatment/chromatographic separation (solid phase extraction, monolithic column chromatography, etc.) and chemical/biological sensing (electrochemical sensing, fluorescence sensing, etc.). Finally, we propose the remaining challenges and future perspectives to accelerate the development of MIT, and to utilize it for further developing versatile MIPs with a wide range of applications (650 references).
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              Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

              Joseph J BelBruno (2018)
              Molecularly imprinted polymers are synthetic receptors for a targeted molecule. As such, they are analogues of the natural antibody-antigen systems. In this review, after a recounting of the early history of the general field, we specifically focus on the application of these polymers as sensors. In these applications, the polymers are paired with a reporting system, which may be electrical, electrochemical, optical, or gravimetric. The presence of the targeted molecule effects a change in the reporting agent, and a calibrated quantity of the target is recorded. In this review, we describe the imprinted polymer production processes, the techniques used for reporting, and the applications of the reported sensors. A brief survey of recent applications to gas-phase sensing is included, but the focus is primarily on the development of sensors for targets in solution. Included among the applications are those designed to detect toxic chemicals, toxins in foods, drugs, explosives, and pathogens. The application of computational chemistry to the development of new imprinted polymers is included as is a brief assessment of future developments.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Saroj Kr. Shukla:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-4177
                sarojshukla2003@yahoo.co.in
                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Chemistry Africa
                Title: Chemistry Africa
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Print): 2522-5758
                ISSN (Electronic): 2522-5766
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 April 2022
                Pages: 1-23
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.8195.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2109 4999, Department of Polymer Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, , University of Delhi, ; New Delhi, Delhi 110075 India
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-4177
                Article
                Publisher ID: 357
                DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00357-w
                PMC ID: 8995417
                SO-VID: c5721679-c3cc-49df-a1f4-050d5036fddd
                Copyright © © The Tunisian Chemical Society and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 21 January 2022
                Date accepted : 26 March 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: macro molecular theory,chronological advances,macromolecules in sensing sciences,sensing parameters,applications,and future challenges
                Data availability:
                Keywords: macro molecular theory, chronological advances, macromolecules in sensing sciences, sensing parameters, applications, and future challenges

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