17
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: not found

      Contemporary Diagnostic Imaging of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma – A Review of Literature

      review-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Summary

          Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common cancer of the oral cavity and constitutes 95% of all cancers of this area. Men are affected twice as commonly as women, primarily if they are over 50 years of age. Forty percent of the lesions are localized in the tongue and 30% in the floor of the oral cavity. OSCC often affects upper and lower gingiva, buccal mucous membrane, the retromolar triangle and the palate. The prognosis is poor and the five-year survival rate ranges from 20% (OSCC in the floor of the mouth) to 60% (OSCC in the alveolar part of the mandible). Treatment is difficult, because of the localization and the invasiveness of the available methods. The diagnosis is made based on a histopathological examination of a biopsy sample.

          The low detection rate of early oral SCC is a considerable clinical issue. Although the oral cavity can be easily examined, in the majority of cases oral SCC is diagnosed in its late stages. It is difficult to diagnose metastases in local lymph nodes and distant organs, which is important for planning the scope of resection and further treatment, graft implantation, and differentiation between reactive and metastatic lymph nodes as well as between disease recurrence and scars or adverse reactions after surgery or radiation therapy.

          Imaging studies are performed as part of the routine work-up in oral SCC. However, it is difficult to interpret the results at the early stages of the disease. The following imaging methods are used – dental radiographs, panoramic radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted and dynamic sequences, perfusion computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, hybrid methods (PET/CT, PET/MRI, SPECT/CT) and ultrasound. Some important clinical problems can be resolved with the use of novel modalities such as MRI with ADC sequences and PET.

          The aim of this article is to describe oral squamous cell carcinoma as it appears in different imaging methods considering both their advantages and limitations.

          Related collections

          Most cited references48

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the head and neck.

          Extracranial applications of diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are gaining increasing importance, including in head and neck radiology. The main indications for performing DW imaging in this relatively small but challenging region of the body are tissue characterization, nodal staging, therapy monitoring, and early detection of treatment failure by differentiating recurrence from posttherapeutic changes. Lower apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) have been reported in the head and neck region of adults and children for most malignant lesions, as compared with ADCs of benign lesions. For nodal staging, DW imaging has shown promise in helping detect lymph node metastases, even in small (subcentimeter) nodes with lower ADCs, as compared with normal or reactive nodes. Follow-up of early response to treatment is reflected in an ADC increase in the primary tumor and nodal metastases; whereas nonresponding lesions tend to reveal only a slight increase or even a decrease in ADC during follow-up. Optimization and standardization of DW imaging technical parameters, comparison of DW images with morphologic images, and increasing experience, however, are prerequisites for successful application of this challenging technique in the evaluation of various head and neck pathologic conditions. © RSNA, 2012.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to evaluate cervical node metastases in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis.

            Positron emission tomography using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG PET) has been proposed to enhance preoperative assessment of cervical lymph node status in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Management is most controversial for patients with a clinically negative (cN0) neck. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET in detecting lymph node metastases in patients with HNSCC. We performed a meta-analysis of all available studies of the diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET in patients with HNSCC. We determined sensitivities and specificities across studies, calculated positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-), and constructed summary receiver operating characteristic curves using hierarchical regression models. We also compared the performance of 18F-FDG PET with that of conventional diagnostic methods (ie, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration) by analyzing studies that had also used these diagnostic methods on the same patients. Across 32 studies (1236 patients), 18F-FDG PET sensitivity was 79% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 72% to 85%) and specificity was 86% (95% CI = 83% to 89%). For cN0 patients, sensitivity of 18F-FDG PET was only 50% (95% CI = 37% to 63%), whereas specificity was 87% (95% CI = 76% to 93%). Overall, LR+ was 5.84 (95% CI = 4.59 to 7.42) and LR- was 0.24 (95% CI = 0.17 to 0.33). In studies in which both 18F-FDG PET and conventional diagnostic tests were performed, sensitivity and specificity of 18F-FDG PET were 80% and 86%, respectively, and of conventional diagnostic tests were 75% and 79%, respectively. 18F-FDG PET has good diagnostic performance in the overall pretreatment evaluation of patients with HNSCC but still does not detect disease in half of the patients with metastasis and cN0.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers in head and neck cancer: potential to guide treatment? A systematic review.

              Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) generates microvascular parameters from the tracer kinetic analysis of a series of MRI images obtained in under 15 min. DCE-MRI parameters are associated with tumour hypoxia, which is well-established as a cause of treatment failure in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A systematic review was conducted of prospective DCE-MRI parameter studies in HNSCC in the English language literature. Exclusion criteria were case reports and retrospective series. Six DCE-MRI marker studies in HNSCC met the inclusion criteria. Four studies contained 21-74 patients and two studies recruited 13 and 14 patients. In studies measuring the transfer coefficient (K(trans)), higher overall K(trans) or lower skewness of K(trans) were predictive of a good outcome following chemoradiation. DCE-MRI parameters have the potential to guide treatment in HNSCC. Progress in the field requires standardisation of methods, data sharing and large multi-centre collaborative validation studies.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pol J Radiol
                Pol J Radiol
                Pol J Radiol
                Polish Journal of Radiology
                International Scientific Literature, Inc.
                1733-134X
                1899-0967
                2017
                07 April 2017
                : 82
                : 193-202
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Stomatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
                [2 ]Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
                [3 ]Diagnostic Center – VOXEL, Łódź, Poland
                [4 ]Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
                [5 ]Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
                Author notes
                Author’s address: Paulina Pałasz, Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 Str., 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland, e-mail: paulina.palasz@ 123456gumed.edu.pl
                [A]

                Study Design

                [B]

                Data Collection

                [C]

                Statistical Analysis

                [D]

                Data Interpretation

                [E]

                Manuscript Preparation

                [F]

                Literature Search

                [G]

                Funds Collection

                Article
                900892
                10.12659/PJR.900892
                5391802
                28439324
                c59f03e6-5826-431d-84c8-ce7e566ed615
                © Pol J Radiol, 2017

                This is an open access article. Unrestricted non-commercial use is permitted provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 03 August 2016
                : 10 August 2016
                Categories
                Review Article

                Radiology & Imaging
                carcinoma, squamous cell,cone-beam computed tomography,diagnostic imaging,diffusion magnetic resonance imaging,perfusion imaging

                Comments

                Comment on this article