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      Sense of coherence and substance use in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis Translated title: Senso de coerência e uso de substâncias em adultos: revisão sistemática e metanálise Translated title: Sentido de coherencia y consumo de sustancias por adultos: revisión sistemática y metanálisis

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          Abstract

          This study systematically reviews the evidence on the association between sense of coherence (SOC) and substance use during adulthood. Two researchers conducted independent literature searches on the PubMed, LILACS, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases. Original articles assessing SOC and substance use in adults (age > 19 years) were included. Two reviewers independently assessed studies in two phases - initially by reading the title/abstract, then the full text. Discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. Estimates were pooled using random-effects models. Bibliographic search identified 21 studies on the association between SOC and substance use in adults. Studies (n = 11) that assessed the association with tobacco smoking found a 0.92 (95%CI: 0.82; 1.01, very low degree of certainty) odds of smoking among those with a high SOC; the association was not modified by age. Individuals with a strong SOC had lower odds of using alcohol (pooled effect: OR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.50; 0.90, very low degree of certainty); adjustment for confounding variables decreased the magnitude of the association (pooled OR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.80; 0.98). This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that a strong SOC protects against substance use among adults regardless of age, with practical implications for preventive interventions and tailored strategies aimed at high-risk individuals. Longitudinal studies are needed to understand the impact of SOC on substance use. Examining interactions with socioeconomic factors and including diverse populations would enhance generalizability.

          Translated abstract

          O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma revisão sistemática das evidências sobre a associação entre senso de coerência (SOC) e uso de substâncias na vida adulta. Dois pesquisadores buscaram, independentemente, as bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, PsycINFO e Web of Science. Foram incluídos artigos originais que avaliaram o SOC e o uso de substâncias em adultos (idade > 19 anos). Dois revisores avaliaram, independentemente, os estudos em duas fases - inicialmente com base no título/resumo e, em seguida, no texto completo. Discrepâncias foram resolvidas por um terceiro revisor. Modelos de efeitos aleatórios foram usados para agrupar as estimativas. Identificamos 21 estudos que investigaram a associação entre SOC e uso de substâncias em adultos. Entre os 11 estudos que avaliaram a associação com o tabagismo, a chance de fumar foi de 0,92 (IC95%: 0,82; 1,01, grau de confiança muito baixo) entre aqueles com alto SOC, e a associação não foi modificada pela idade. Indivíduos com forte SOC tiveram menores chances de usar álcool (efeito combinado: OR = 0,70, IC95%: 0,50; 0,90, grau de confiança muito baixo), e o ajuste para confusão diminuiu a magnitude da associação (OR combinado = 0,89, IC95%: 0.80; 0.98). Esta revisão sistemática e metanálise sugere que um forte SOC protege contra o uso de substâncias entre adultos, independentemente da idade, com implicações práticas para intervenções preventivas e estratégias personalizadas, especialmente para indivíduos de alto risco. Estudos longitudinais são necessários para entender o impacto do SOC no uso de substâncias. Examinar as interações com fatores socioeconômicos e incluir diversas populações aumentaria a generalização.

          Translated abstract

          Este estudio realiza una revisión sistemática sobre la asociación entre sentido de coherencia (SOC) y uso de sustancias en la edad adulta. Dos investigadores realizaron búsquedas de forma independiente en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS, PsycINFO y Web of Science. Se incluyeron artículos originales que evaluaron el SOC y el uso de sustancias por adultos (edad > 19 años). Dos evaluadores examinaron de forma independiente los estudios en dos etapas: primero, el título/resumen; y, después, el texto completo. Las discrepancias fueron resueltas por un tercer evaluador. Se utilizaron modelos de efectos aleatorios para agrupar las estimaciones. Se identificaron 21 estudios sobre la asociación entre SOC y uso de sustancias por adultos. De 11 estudios que evaluaron la asociación con el tabaquismo, la propensión al tabaquismo fue de 0,92 (IC95%: 0,82; 1,01, grado de confianza muy bajo) entre las personas con alto SOC; y la asociación no sufrió cambios según la edad. Las personas con alto SOC tenían menor propensión a consumir alcohol (efecto combinado: OR = 0,70, IC95%: 0,50; 0,90, grado de confianza muy bajo), y el ajuste por confusión disminuyó la intensidad de la asociación (OR combinado = 0,89, IC95%: 0,80; 0,98). Esta revisión sistemática y metanálisis muestra que un alto SOC protege contra el uso de sustancias por adultos, independientemente de la edad, con implicaciones prácticas para las intervenciones de prevención y las estrategias personalizadas, especialmente para las personas con alto riesgo. Se necesitan estudios longitudinales para comprender el impacto del SOC en el uso de sustancias. Analizar las interacciones con los factores socioeconómicos e incluir otras poblaciones podría aumentar la generalización.

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          Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

          Summary Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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            Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

            The revised edition of the Handbook offers the only guide on how to conduct, report and maintain a Cochrane Review The second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains essential guidance for preparing and maintaining Cochrane Reviews of the effects of health interventions. Designed to be an accessible resource, the Handbook will also be of interest to anyone undertaking systematic reviews of interventions outside Cochrane, and many of the principles and methods presented are appropriate for systematic reviews addressing research questions other than effects of interventions. This fully updated edition contains extensive new material on systematic review methods addressing a wide-range of topics including network meta-analysis, equity, complex interventions, narrative synthesis, and automation. Also new to this edition, integrated throughout the Handbook, is the set of standards Cochrane expects its reviews to meet. Written for review authors, editors, trainers and others with an interest in Cochrane Reviews, the second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions continues to offer an invaluable resource for understanding the role of systematic reviews, critically appraising health research studies and conducting reviews.
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              Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review.

              Smoking prevalence is higher among disadvantaged groups, and disadvantaged smokers may face higher exposure to tobacco's harms. Uptake may also be higher among those with low socioeconomic status (SES), and quit attempts are less likely to be successful. Studies have suggested that this may be the result of reduced social support for quitting, low motivation to quit, stronger addiction to tobacco, increased likelihood of not completing courses of pharmacotherapy or behavioral support sessions, psychological differences such as lack of self-efficacy, and tobacco industry marketing. Evidence of interventions that work among lower socioeconomic groups is sparse. Raising the price of tobacco products appears to be the tobacco control intervention with the most potential to reduce health inequalities from tobacco. Targeted cessation programs and mass media interventions can also contribute to reducing inequalities. To tackle the high prevalence of smoking among disadvantaged groups, a combination of tobacco control measures is required, and these should be delivered in conjunction with wider attempts to address inequalities in health. © 2012 New York Academy of Sciences.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: contributed to the study design, data collectionRole: analysis, and writingRole: approved the final version
                Role: contributed to the data collection and reviewRole: approved the final version
                Role: contributed to the writingRole: approved the final version
                Journal
                Cad Saude Publica
                Cad Saude Publica
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                20 September 2024
                2024
                : 40
                : 9
                : e00141323
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil.
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brasil.
                Author notes
                [Correspondence ] J. F. Danigno Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Rua Marechal Deodoro 1160, Pelotas, RS 96020-220, Brasil. juliadanigno@ 123456yahoo.com.br

                Additional information: ORCID: Júlia Freire Danigno (0000-0001-9919-8608); Mariane da Silva Dias (0000-0003-4995-4748); Bernardo Lessa Horta (0000-0001-9843-412X).

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9919-8608
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4995-4748
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9843-412X
                Article
                01100
                10.1590/0102-311XEN141323
                11415044
                c5ad3d50-dfa9-4640-b51b-b1f51df63f88

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 28 July 2023
                : 13 June 2024
                : 28 June 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 33
                Categories
                Review

                sense of coherence,substance use,smoking,illicit drug,alcohol drinking,senso de coerência,uso de substâncias,fumar,droga ilícita,consumo de bebidas alcoólicas,sentido de coherencia,uso de sustancias,consumo de bebidas alcohólicas

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