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      Cancers of the lung, head and neck on the rise: perspectives on the genotoxicity of air pollution

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          Abstract

          Outdoor air pollution has been recently classified as a class I human carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cumulative evidence from across the globe shows that polluted air is associated with increased risk of lung, head and neck, and nasopharyngeal cancers—all of which affect the upper aerodigestive tract. Importantly, these cancers have been previously linked to smoking. In this article, we review epidemiologic and experimental evidence of the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of air pollution on DNA, purportedly a key mechanism for cancer development. The alarming increase in cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in Asia suggests a need to focus government efforts and research on reducing air pollution, promoting clean energy, and investigating the carcinogenic effects of air pollution on humans.

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          Cancer trends in China.

          Ping Zhao, Min Dai, Wanqing Chen … (2010)
          Cancer is the leading death cause in urban China and the second one in rural China. Lung cancer is the most common cancer, followed by stomach cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer. Cancer Control Programs in China focus on prevention, early diagnosis and treatment. The prevention program includes an anti-smoking campaign and immunization against hepatitis B for infants and children under the age of 15. Screening for breast and cervix cancers is among efforts for the early detection and treatment. Public education and the promotion of healthy lifestyles have been actively carried out.
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            Air pollution and cancer: biomarker studies in human populations.

            Paolo Vineis, Kirsti Husgafvel-Pursiainen (2005)
            Large cohort studies in the U.S. and in Europe suggest that air pollution may increase lung cancer risk. Biomarkers can be useful to understand the mechanisms and to characterize high-risk groups. Here we describe biomarkers of exposure, in particular DNA adducts as well as markers of early damage, including mutagenicity, other endpoints of genotoxicity and molecular biomarkers of cancer. Several studies found an association between external measures of exposure to air pollution and increased levels of DNA adducts, with an apparent levelling-off of the dose-response relationship. Also, numerous experimental studies in vitro and in vivo have provided unambiguous evidence for genotoxicity of air pollution. In addition, due to the organic extracts of particulate matter [especially various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds], particulate air pollution induces oxidative damage to DNA. The experimental work, combined with the data on frequent oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes in people exposed to urban air pollution, suggests 8-oxo-dG as one of the important promutagenic lesions. Lung cancer develops through a series of progressive pathological changes occurring in the respiratory epithelium. Molecular alterations such as loss of heterozygosity, gene mutations and aberrant gene promoter methylation have emerged as potentially promising molecular biomarkers of lung carcinogenesis. Data from such studies relevant for emissions rich in PAHs are also summarized, although the exposure circumstances are not directly relevant to outdoor air pollution, in order to shed light on potential mechanisms of air pollution-related carcinogenesis.
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              Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Is Associated with Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Montreal, Canada: A Case–Control Study

              Dan Crouse, Mark S. Goldberg, Nancy Ross … (2010)
              Background Only about 30% of cases of breast cancer can be explained by accepted risk factors. Occupational studies have shown associations between the incidence of breast cancer and exposure to contaminants that are found in ambient air. Objectives We sought to determine whether the incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer is associated with exposure to urban air pollution. Methods We used data from a case–control study conducted in Montreal, Quebec, in 1996–1997. Cases were 383 women with incident invasive breast cancer, and controls were 416 women with other incident, malignant cancers, excluding those potentially associated with selected occupational exposures. Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were measured across Montreal in 2005–2006. We developed a land-use regression model to predict concentrations of NO2 across Montreal for 2006, and developed two methods to extrapolate the estimates to 1985 and 1996. We linked these estimates to addresses of residences of subjects at time of interview. We used unconditional logistic regression to adjust for accepted and suspected risk factors and occupational exposures. Results For each increase of 5 ppb NO2 estimated in 1996, the adjusted odds ratio was 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.71). Although the size of effect varied somewhat across periods, we found an increased risk of approximately 25% for every increase of 5 ppb in exposure. Conclusions We found evidence of an association between the incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer and exposure to ambient concentrations of NO2. Further studies are needed to confirm whether NO2 or other components of traffic-related pollution are indeed associated with increased risks.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Chin J Cancer
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Chin J Cancer
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CJC
                Title: Chinese Journal of Cancer
                Publisher: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center
                ISSN (Print): 1000-467X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1944-446X
                Publication date (Print): October 2014
                Volume: 33
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 476-480
                Affiliations
                [1]Authors' Affiliation:, Pharmacogenomics and Precision Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Vivian Wai Yan Lui, Department of Pharma-cology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Tel: +852-2819-9256; Fax: +852-2817-0859; Email: vlui002@ 123456hku.hk .
                Article
                Publisher ID: cjc-33-10-476
                DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10093
                PMC ID: 4198750
                PubMed ID: 25011457
                SO-VID: c5b92fb4-8490-46ca-87e0-c2866b59fd80
                Copyright © Chinese Journal of Cancer
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which allows readers to alter, transform, or build upon the article and then distribute the resulting work under the same or similar license to this one. The work must be attributed back to the original author and commercial use is not permitted without specific permission.

                History
                Date received : 16 June 2014
                Date revision received : 17 June 2014
                Date accepted : 30 June 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: air pollution,lung cancer,head and neck cancer,mutagenic effects
                Data availability:
                Keywords: air pollution, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, mutagenic effects

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