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      Call for Papers: Green Renal Replacement Therapy: Caring for the Environment

      Submit here before December 31, 2024

      About Blood Purification: 2.2 Impact Factor I 5.8 CiteScore I 0.782 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      SARS-CoV-2 Lineages and Sub-Lineages Circulating Worldwide: A Dynamic Overview

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          Abstract

          Background

          Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019 has rapidly widespread worldwide, becoming one of the major global public health issues of the last centuries.

          Key Messages

          Over the course of the pandemic, due to the advanced whole-genome sequencing technologies, an unprecedented amount of genomes have been generated, providing invaluable insights into the ongoing evolution and epidemiology of the virus during the pandemic. Therefore, this large amount of data played an important role in the SARS-CoV-2 mitigation and control strategies.

          Key Messages

          The active monitoring and characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating worldwide is useful for a more specific diagnosis, better care, and timely treatment. In this review, a concise characterization of all the lineages and sub-lineages circulating and co-circulating across the world has been presented in order to determine the magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2 threat and to better understand the virus genetic diversity and its dispersion dynamics.

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          A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

          Fan Wu, Su Zhao, Bin Yu … (2020)
          Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Zika virus disease, present a major threat to public health 1–3 . Despite intense research efforts, how, when and where new diseases appear are still a source of considerable uncertainty. A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. As of 25 January 2020, at least 1,975 cases had been reported since the first patient was hospitalized on 12 December 2019. Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan. Here we study a single patient who was a worker at the market and who was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan on 26 December 2019 while experiencing a severe respiratory syndrome that included fever, dizziness and a cough. Metagenomic RNA sequencing 4 of a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the patient identified a new RNA virus strain from the family Coronaviridae, which is designated here ‘WH-Human 1’ coronavirus (and has also been referred to as ‘2019-nCoV’). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome (29,903 nucleotides) revealed that the virus was most closely related (89.1% nucleotide similarity) to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that had previously been found in bats in China 5 . This outbreak highlights the ongoing ability of viral spill-over from animals to cause severe disease in humans.
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            Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus

            B Korber, W.M. Fischer, S. Gnanakaran … (2020)
            Summary A SARS-CoV-2 variant carrying the Spike protein amino acid change D614G has become the most prevalent form in the global pandemic. Dynamic tracking of variant frequencies revealed a recurrent pattern of G614 increase at multiple geographic levels: national, regional and municipal. The shift occurred even in local epidemics where the original D614 form was well established prior to the introduction of the G614 variant. The consistency of this pattern was highly statistically significant, suggesting that the G614 variant may have a fitness advantage. We found that the G614 variant grows to higher titer as pseudotyped virions. In infected individuals G614 is associated with lower RT-PCR cycle thresholds, suggestive of higher upper respiratory tract viral loads, although not with increased disease severity. These findings illuminate changes important for a mechanistic understanding of the virus, and support continuing surveillance of Spike mutations to aid in the development of immunological interventions.
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              Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan

              Jasper Chan, Kin-Hang Kok, Zheng Zhu … (2020)
              ABSTRACT A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a patient with 2019-nCoV infection and compared it with other related coronavirus genomes. Overall, the genome of 2019-nCoV has 89% nucleotide identity with bat SARS-like-CoVZXC21 and 82% with that of human SARS-CoV. The phylogenetic trees of their orf1a/b, Spike, Envelope, Membrane and Nucleoprotein also clustered closely with those of the bat, civet and human SARS coronaviruses. However, the external subdomain of Spike’s receptor binding domain of 2019-nCoV shares only 40% amino acid identity with other SARS-related coronaviruses. Remarkably, its orf3b encodes a completely novel short protein. Furthermore, its new orf8 likely encodes a secreted protein with an alpha-helix, following with a beta-sheet(s) containing six strands. Learning from the roles of civet in SARS and camel in MERS, hunting for the animal source of 2019-nCoV and its more ancestral virus would be important for understanding the origin and evolution of this novel lineage B betacoronavirus. These findings provide the basis for starting further studies on the pathogenesis, and optimizing the design of diagnostic, antiviral and vaccination strategies for this emerging infection.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Chemotherapy
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Chemotherapy
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CHE
                Title: Chemotherapy
                Publisher: S. Karger AG (Allschwilerstrasse 10, P.O. Box · Postfach · Case postale, CH–4009, Basel, Switzerland · Schweiz · Suisse, Phone: +41 61 306 11 11, Fax: +41 61 306 12 34, karger@karger.com )
                ISSN (Print): 0009-3157
                ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9794
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 March 2021
                Pages: 1-5
                Affiliations
                [1] aBurnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
                [2] bInstitute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
                [3] cMedical Statistic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, University of Biomedical Campus, Rome, Italy
                [4] dNational HIV/AIDS ResearhCenter, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
                [5] eCardiovascular-Respiratory Sciences Department, Sant' Andrea Hospital-Sapienza Università, Rome, Italy
                [6] fDipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Centro di Biologia Molecolare del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
                [7] gDepartment of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli,” University of Rome “La Sapienza,”, Rome, Italy
                [8] hDipartimento di Salute Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Policlinico Umberto I Università “Sapienza,”, Rome, Italy
                [9] iLaboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [10] jLaboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
                Author notes
                *Marta Giovanetti, Reference Laboratory of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Ave. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360 (Brazil), giovanetti.marta@ 123456gmail.com
                **Eleonora Cella, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL 32816 (USA), eleonora.cella@ 123456yahoo.it
                Article
                Publisher ID: che-0001
                DOI: 10.1159/000515340
                PMC ID: 8089399
                PubMed ID: 33735881
                SO-VID: c5cf4fd4-e365-40cd-9fd4-838d0b777aee
                Copyright © Copyright © 2021 by S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

                History
                Date received : 22 December 2020
                Date accepted : 28 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, References: 23, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: sars-cov-2,lineages,pandemic,genome diversity,prevention strategies
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sars-cov-2, lineages, pandemic, genome diversity, prevention strategies

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