Effect of music at 432 Hz and 440 Hz on dental anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing tooth extraction: a randomized clinical trial

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Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of music at 432 Hz, 440 Hz, and no music on the clinical perception of anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing tooth extraction.

Methodology

A parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted. Forty-two patients (average age: 23.8±7.8 years, 27 women) with a moderate level of anxiety were distributed in three groups: use of music for 15 minutes at a frequency of 432 Hz (n=15), at 440 Hz (n=15) and a control group without music (n=12). The CORAH Dental Anxiety Scale and salivary cortisol levels, estimated by the solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were measured and compared before and after the music intervention between groups (two-way ANOVA-Tukey p<0.05, RStudio).

Results

Significantly lower anxiety level values were observed at 432 Hz (8.7±2.67) and 440 Hz (8.4±2.84) compared to the control group (17.2±4.60; p<0.05). The salivary cortisol level at 432 Hz (0.49±0.37 μg/dL) was significantly lower than 440 Hz (1.35±0.69 μg/dL) and the control group (1.59±0.7 μg/dL; p<0.05).

Conclusion

The use of music significantly decreased clinical anxiety levels, and the frequency of 432 Hz was effective in decreasing salivary cortisol levels before tooth extraction.

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Most cited references 30

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Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications

Clemens Kirschbaum, Dirk Hellhammer (1994)

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Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications.

C Kirschbaum, D H Hellhammer (1994)

The assessment of cortisol in saliva has proven a valid and reliable reflection of the respective unbound hormone in blood. To date, assessment of cortisol in saliva is a widely accepted and frequently employed method in psychoneuroendocrinology. Due to several advantages over blood cortisol analyses (e.g., stress-free sampling, laboratory independence, lower costs) saliva cortisol assessment can be the method of choice in basic research and clinical environments. The determination of cortisol in saliva can facilitate stress studies including newborns and infants and replace blood sampling for diagnostic endocrine tests like the dexamethasone suppression test. The present paper provides an up-to-date overview of recent methodological developments, novel applications as well as a discussion of possible future applications of salivary cortisol determination.

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The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale: validation and United Kingdom norms.

G M Humphris, T Morrison, S J Lindsay (1995)

The Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS) has been used extensively in epidemiology and clinical research. It is brief and is claimed to have good psychometric properties. However, it does not include any reference to local anaesthetic injections, a major focus of anxiety for many. Also, the multiple choice answers for three of the four questions are not clearly in order of severity of anxiety as the CDAS intends. The answers differ among the questions thus making them difficult to compare. They include descriptions of physiological reactions and anxiety, confusing two loosely related components of the experience. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) described, added a question on anxiety about oral injections. New multiple choice answers, in clear order of anxiety and the same for each question, were provided. Twenty five dental personnel all confirmed independently the order of the multiple choice answers for the MDAS. They disagreed among themselves however, about the appropriate sequence for the answers denoting intermediate anxiety in the CDAS. Therefore the CDAS, unlike the MDAS, can provide meaningful measures only of extremely high or extremely low dental anxiety. Of 1392 subjects tested, 13 per cent expressed extreme anxiety about injections on the MDAS but were only 'fairly' or less anxious about drilling. Thus, the CDAS, unlike the MDAS, must overlook subjects very afraid of injections only. Data confirm the high reliability and validity of the MDAS and provide norms for phobic and nonphobic subjects.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Appl Oral Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Appl Oral Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): jaos

Title: Journal of Applied Oral Science

Publisher: Faculdade De Odontologia De Bauru - USP

ISSN (Print): 1678-7757

ISSN (Electronic): 1678-7765

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 11 May 2020

Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2020

Volume: 28

Electronic Location Identifier: e20190601

Affiliations

[1 ] orgdiv2Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile original Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología . Facultad de Medicina . Universidad Austral de Chile . Valdivia , Chile .

[2 ] orgdiv2Escuela de Odontología orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile original Escuela de Odontología . Facultad de Medicina . Universidad Austral de Chile . Valdivia , Chile .

[3 ] orgnameCPO São Leopoldo Mandic orgdiv1Departamento de Implantologia Campinas São Paulo Brasil original CPO São Leopoldo Mandic , Departamento de Implantologia , Campinas , São Paulo , Brasil .

[4 ] orgnameUniversidad de La Frontera orgdiv1Facultad de Odontología orgdiv2Programa de Especialización en Trastornos Temporomandibulares y Dolor Orofacial Temuco Chile original Universidad de La Frontera , Facultad de Odontología , Programa de Especialización en Trastornos Temporomandibulares y Dolor Orofacial , Temuco , Chile .

Author notes

Corresponding address: Pedro Christian Araven #1640 Rudloff - Valdivia - Chile. Phone - Fax:+56632221205 e-mail: paravena@ 123456uach.cl

Conflict of interest

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Authors Contributions

Aravena, Pedro Christian: Conceptualization (Lead); Data curation (Lead); Formal analysis (Lead); Investigation (Lead); Methodology (Lead); Project administration (Lead); Resources (Lead); Supervision (Lead); Validation (Lead); Writing-original draft (Lead); Writing-review & editing (Lead); Almonacid, Camila: Conceptualization (Equal); Data curation (Equal); Investigation (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Visualization (Equal); Writing-original draft (Equal); Writing-review & editing (Equal); Mancilla, Marcelo Ignacio: Conceptualization (Equal); Data curation (Equal); Formal analysis (Equal); Methodology (Equal); Software (Equal); Validation (Equal); Visualization (Equal); Writing-original draft (Equal); Writing-review & editing (Equal).

Author information

Pedro Christian ARAVENA https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1230-4573

Article

Other ID: 00444

DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2019-0601

PMC ID: 7213780

PubMed ID: 32401941

SO-VID: c62eea32-e5b5-4d66-b244-e52b1454edd4

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 10 October 2019

Date revision received : 19 December 2019

Date accepted : 26 December 2019

Page count

Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 32

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