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      Dissemination of enteroviruses in the production chain of organic lettuce in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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          Abstract

          This study aimed to survey the environmental dissemination of enterovirus ( EV) in a site of organic lettuce situated in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For this purpose, a total of 96 environmental samples, including water and lettuce samples obtained in different stages of the production chain (e.g., irrigation water, seedlings, lettuces grown, and washed lettuces ready‐to‐eat), were analyzed. EV genomes were detected in 12.5% (12/96) of the tested samples (eight from irrigation water and 4 from lettuce samples). Levels of viral concentration ranged from 3.37 × 10 3 to 4.72 × 10 6 genomic copies per liter (gc L −1) and from 2.14 × 10 4 to 5.56 × 10 4 genome copies per 25 grams (gc 25 g −1) for the water and lettuce samples, respectively. Such findings suggest that the use of viruses as human fecal contamination markers must be considered in order to improve food safety in organic supply chains.

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          Limit of blank, limit of detection and limit of quantitation.

          * Limit of Blank (LoB), Limit of Detection (LoD), and Limit of Quantitation (LoQ) are terms used to describe the smallest concentration of a measurand that can be reliably measured by an analytical procedure. * LoB is the highest apparent analyte concentration expected to be found when replicates of a blank sample containing no analyte are tested. LoB = mean(blank) + 1.645(SD(blank)). * LoD is the lowest analyte concentration likely to be reliably distinguished from the LoB and at which detection is feasible. LoD is determined by utilising both the measured LoB and test replicates of a sample known to contain a low concentration of analyte. * LoD = LoB + 1.645(SD (low concentration sample)). * LoQ is the lowest concentration at which the analyte can not only be reliably detected but at which some predefined goals for bias and imprecision are met. The LoQ may be equivalent to the LoD or it could be at a much higher concentration.
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            Development of a virus concentration method and its application to detection of enterovirus and norwalk virus from coastal seawater.

            We developed a new procedure for concentration of enteric viruses from water using a negatively charged membrane. Rinsing the membrane with 0.5 mM H(2)SO(4) (pH 3.0) in order to elute cations prior to viral elution with 1 mM NaOH (pH 10.5) promoted poliovirus recovery yields from 33 to 95% when applied to pure water and 38 to 89% when applied to natural seawater from Tokyo Bay, Japan, respectively. This method showed average recovery yields of spiked poliovirus of 62% (n = 8) from 1 liter of artificial seawater. This method showed higher recovery yields (>61%) than that of the conventional method using positively charged membrane (6%) when applied to seawater. This method is also free from beef extract elution, which has an inhibitory effect in the subsequent viral genome detection by reverse transcription-PCR. Naturally occurring Norwalk viruses from 2 liters of Tokyo Bay water in winter and infectious enteroviruses from 2 liters of recreational coastal seawater in summer were detected by using this viral concentration method.
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              Microbial Hazards in Irrigation Water: Standards, Norms, and Testing to Manage Use of Water in Fresh Produce Primary Production

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                lucia.werneck@incqs.fiocruz.br
                Journal
                Microbiologyopen
                Microbiologyopen
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-8827
                MBO3
                MicrobiologyOpen
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-8827
                15 August 2018
                March 2019
                : 8
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1002/mbo3.2019.8.issue-3 )
                : e00653
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) ‐ National Institute of Quality Control in Health (INCQS) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                [ 2 ] Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Lucia M. C. Werneck, National Institute of Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

                Email: lucia.werneck@ 123456incqs.fiocruz.br

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2026-0948
                Article
                MBO3653
                10.1002/mbo3.653
                6436427
                30112824
                c65f0949-57ff-405c-88fd-61f8a73e8f41
                © 2018 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 04 December 2017
                : 20 April 2018
                : 23 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Pages: 5, Words: 3485
                Funding
                Funded by: CNPq
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                mbo3653
                March 2019
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.6.1 mode:remove_FC converted:27.03.2019

                Microbiology & Virology
                agriculture,environmental health,food safety,viruses,water quality
                Microbiology & Virology
                agriculture, environmental health, food safety, viruses, water quality

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