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      Full‐scale demonstration testing of hexavalent chromium reduction via stannous chloride application

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          Abstract

          The best available technologies for hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] treatment can be cost prohibitive and operationally complex. Direct stannous [Sn(II)] chloride application to reduce Cr(VI) to trivalent chromium is an alternative treatment approach that could substantially decrease treatment costs. A full‐scale demonstration was conducted at the Coachella Valley Water District to investigate the ability of Sn(II) to reduce Cr(VI) in a chlorinated groundwater system. An average Sn(II) dose of 0.5 mg‐Sn/L, which corresponds to ~7.3 times the stoichiometric dose ratio for Cr(VI) reduction, was able to maintain Cr(VI) at <10 μg/L throughout the distribution system over a 30‐day period. Tin (Sn) and chromium (Cr) concentrations decreased with increasing distance from stannous feed locations, suggesting accumulation in the distribution system. Distribution system pipe‐scale analysis after the demonstration found the presence of Sn and Cr in pipe scales; however, minimal Sn and Cr release was observed during main flushing at the end of the demonstration.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          10.1002/(ISSN)2577-8161
          AWWA Water Science
          AWWA Wat Sci
          John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Hoboken, USA )
          2577-8161
          2577-8161
          24 April 2019
          Affiliations
          Fremont; California Corona Environmental Consulting
          Riverside; California University of California‐Riverside
          ; California Department of Environmental Services, Coachella Valley Water District
          Louisville; Colorado Corona Environmental Consulting
          Article
          10.1002/aws2.1136
          c697bdaf-092f-4d04-8197-a7d3e732bbb8
          © 2019 American Water Works Association
          History
          Funding
          Funded by: Coachella Valley Water District
          Funded by: University of California, Riverside

          Earth & Environmental sciences,Oceanography & Hydrology,Chemistry,Engineering,Civil engineering,Environmental engineering
          tubercle,scale analysis,chlorine reoxidation,scanning electron microscopy,energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy

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