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      Impact of personality on adherence to and beliefs about ADHD medication, and perceptions of ADHD in adolescents

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          Abstract

          Background

          Adherence to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication can prevent serious consequences, possibly with lifelong effects. Numerous factors have been observed that influence adherent behaviour, but the impact of personality traits has been inadequately explored. The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between personality traits and adherence to ADHD medication, beliefs about the medication, and perceptions of ADHD.

          Method

          Adolescents ( n = 99) on ADHD medication were administered: Health-Relevant Personality Traits Five-Factor Inventory, Medication Adherence Report Scale, Beliefs about Medicines Specific and Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaires.

          Results

          The personality trait Antagonism correlated with adherence behaviour ( r = − 0.198, p = 0.005) and perceived personal control of ADHD ( r = − 0.269, p = 0.007). Negative Affectivity correlated with beliefs regarding necessity ( r = 0.319, p = 0.001), concerns ( r = 0.344, p = 0.001), and experienced side effects of medication ( r = 0.495, p = 0.001), alongside perceptions regarding duration ( r = 0.272, p = 0.007), identity ( r = 0.388, p < 0.001), being emotionally affected ( r = 0.374, p < 0.01), personal control ( r = − 0.287, p = 0.004) and concerns about ADHD ( r = 0.465, p < 0.001). Impulsivity correlated with perceived consequences ( r = − 0.226, p = 0.0255) and personal control of ADHD ( r = − 0.379, p < 0.001). Hedonic Capacity correlated with concerns about medication ( r = − 0.218, p = 0.0316) and perceived identification with ADHD ( r = − 0.203, p = 0.045).

          Conclusion

          Personality traits are related to adherence, beliefs about ADHD medicines and perceptions of ADHD. Antagonism is associated with adherence, especially intentional non-adherence, while Negative Affectivity correlates with numerous perceptions of ADHD and beliefs about medications. Personality assessments could be useful in the care and treatment of adolescents with ADHD.

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          Most cited references34

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          Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: adaptive functioning in major life activities.

          The authors report the adaptive functioning of hyperactive and control children in southeastern Wisconsin (Milwaukee) followed to young adulthood. Interviews with participants concerning major life activities were collected between 1992 and 1996 and used along with employer ratings and high school records at the young adult follow-up (mean = 20 years, range 19-25) for this large sample of hyperactive (H; n = 149) and community control (CC; n = 72) children initially seen in 1978-1980 and studied for at least 13 years. Age, duration of follow-up, and IQ were statistically controlled as needed. The H group had significantly lower educational performance and attainment, with 32% failing to complete high school. H group members had been fired from more jobs and manifested greater employer-rated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and lower job performance than the CC group. Socially, the H group had fewer close friends, more trouble keeping friends, and more social problems as rated by parents. Far more H than CC group members had become parents (38% versus 4%) and had been treated for sexually transmitted disease (16% versus 4%). Severity of lifetime conduct disorder was predictive of several of the most salient outcomes (failure to graduate, earlier sexual intercourse, early parenthood) whereas attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder at work were predictive of job performance and risk of being fired. These findings corroborate prior research and go further in identifying sexual activity and early parenthood as additional problematic domains of adaptive functioning at adulthood.
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            Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development.

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              Associations between major domains of personality and health behavior.

              Broad personality traits may be important predictors of health behavior patterns. Two studies are reported which examined the associations between five major personality dimensions and four major health behavior dimensions. Prior associations between health behaviors and neurotic and extraverted personality tendencies generally were replicated. However, Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, two domains of personality that have received little research attention, emerged as important personality predictors of health behaviors. The results indicate that personality is a reliable predictor of health behavior patterns. It is suggested that the importance of personality has been underestimated in past research by the failure to consider appropriate health behavior criteria and the omission of important personality dimensions, such as Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, when studying health behavior patterns.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                maria.emilsson@hv.se
                Journal
                BMC Psychiatry
                BMC Psychiatry
                BMC Psychiatry
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-244X
                30 March 2020
                30 March 2020
                2020
                : 20
                : 139
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412716.7, ISNI 0000 0000 8970 3706, Department of Health Science, , Section of Nursing Graduate Level, University West, ; 461 86 Trollhättan, Sweden
                [2 ]GRID grid.5640.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9922, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, , Linköping University, ; Nr 2, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
                [3 ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Linköping, Region Östergötland, Nr 3, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
                [4 ]GRID grid.8148.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2174 3522, Department of Medicine and Optometry, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, , Linnæus University 42157, ; Kalmar, Sweden
                Article
                2543
                10.1186/s12888-020-02543-x
                7106722
                32228527
                c6ae6fc8-5160-4b17-864f-6347698fd96d
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 6 September 2019
                : 11 March 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: The Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden
                Award ID: FORSS-466211
                Funded by: Child and Youth Studies at University West
                Award ID: Non
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                adhd,illness perception,medication beliefs,personality traits,medication adherence

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