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      A primitive honey bee from the Middle Miocene deposits of southeastern Yunnan, China (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          While fossils of honey bees ( Apini : Apis Linnaeus) are comparatively abundant in European Oligocene and Miocene deposits, the available material from Asia is scant and represented by only a handful of localities. It is therefore significant to report a new deposit with a fossil honey bee from southern China. Apis ( Synapis) dalica Engel & Wappler, sp. n., is described and figured from Middle Miocene sediments of Maguan County, southeastern Yunnan Province, China. This is the first fossil bee from the Cenozoic of southern China, and is distinguished from its close congeners present at the slightly older locality of Shanwang, Shandong in northeastern China. The species can be distinguished on the basis of wing venation differences from other Miocene Apis .

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          A MONOGRAPH OF THE BALTIC AMBER BEES AND EVOLUTION OF THE APOIDEA (HYMENOPTERA)

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            A New Interpretation of the Oldest Fossil Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

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              Multiple molecular data sets suggest independent origins of highly eusocial behavior in bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae).

              Different views of the pattern of social evolution among the highly eusocial bees have arisen as a result of discordance between past molecular and morphology-based phylogenies. Here we present new data and taxa for four molecular data sets and reassess the morphological characters available to date. We show there is no significant character incongruence between four molecular data sets (two nuclear and two mitochondrial), but highly significant character incongruence leads to topological incongruence between the molecular and morphological data. We investigate the effects of using different outgroup combinations to root the estimated tree. We also consider various ways in which biases in the sequence data could be misleading, using several maximum likelihood models, LogDet corrections, and spectral analyses. Ultimately, we concede there is strong discordance between the molecular and morphological data partitions and appropriately apply the conditional combination approach in this case. We also find two equally well supported placements of the root for the molecular trees, one supported by 16S and 28S sequences, the other supported by cytochrome b and opsin. The strength of the evidence leads us to accept two equally well supported hypotheses based on analyses of the molecular data sets. These are the most rigorously supported hypotheses of corbiculate bee relationships at this time, and frame our argument that highly eusocial behavior within the corbiculate bees evolved twice independently.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                ZooKeys
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2018
                19 July 2018
                : 775
                : 117-129
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-4415, USA
                [2 ] Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192, USA
                [3 ] State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
                [4 ] Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
                [5 ] Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
                [6 ] Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
                [7 ] Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
                [8 ] Natural History Department, Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Friedensplatz 1, D-64283 Darmstadt, Germany
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Torsten Wappler ( torsten.wappler@ 123456hlmd.de )

                Academic editor: M. Ohl

                Article
                10.3897/zookeys.775.24909
                6062569
                c6bb2b68-8b02-46de-9261-0f6a65841ffa
                Michael S. Engel, Bo Wang, Abdulaziz S. Alqarni, Lin-Bo Jia, Tao Su, Zhe-kun Zhou, Torsten Wappler

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 8 March 2018
                : 13 June 2018
                Categories
                Research Article
                Apidae
                Apoidea
                Hymenoptera
                Palaeozoology
                Taxonomy
                Cenozoic
                Neogene
                China

                Animal science & Zoology
                aculeata,apinae,apis,apoidea,miocene,taxonomy,animalia,hymenoptera,apidae
                Animal science & Zoology
                aculeata, apinae, apis, apoidea, miocene, taxonomy, animalia, hymenoptera, apidae

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