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      The Unseeing State: How Ideals of Modernity Have Undermined Innovation in Africa’s Urban Water Systems Translated title: Der ignorante Staat. Oder: Wie westliche Modernitätsvorstellungen zur Innovationsbremse städtischer Wasserversorgungsinfrastrukturen in Afrika wurden

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          Abstract

          In contrast to the European historical experience, Africa’s urban infrastructural systems are characterised by stagnation long before demand has been saturated. Water infrastructures have been stabilised as systems predominantly providing services for elites, with millions of poor people lacking basic services in the cities. What is puzzling is that so little emphasis has been placed on innovation and the adaptation of the colonial technological paradigm to better suit the local and current socio-economic contexts. Based on historical case studies of Kampala and Nairobi, this paper argues that the lack of innovation in African urban water infrastructure can be understood using Pinch and Bijker’s concept of technological closure, and by looking at water technology from its embedded values and ideology. Large-scale water technology became part of African leaders’ strategies to build prosperous nations and cities after decolonisation and the ideological purpose of infrastructure may have been much more important than previously understood. Water technology had reached a state of closure in Europe and then came to represent modernisation and progress in the colonial context. It has continued to serve such a similar symbolic purpose after independence, with old norms essentially being preserved. Recent sector reforms have defined problems predominantly as of economic and institutional nature while state actors have become ‘unseeing’ vis-á-vis controversies within the technological systems themselves. In order to induce socio-technical innovation towards equality in urban infrastructure services, it will be necessary to understand the broader incentive structure that governs the relevant social groups, such as governments, donors, water suppliers and the consumers, as well as power-structures and political accountability.

          Zusammenfassung

          Verglichen mit europäischen Strukturen der Daseinsvorsorge stagniert die konstruktiv-technische Entfaltung der Infrastruktursysteme in afrikanischen Städten, sodass sie dem Leistungsbedarf nur unzureichend gerecht werden. Während der Anschluss an urbane Wasserversorgungsstrukturen hier privilegierten Kreisen vorbehalten bleibt, fehlt es ärmeren Stadtteilen zu oft an Zugängen zu grundlegenden Versorgungsleistungen. Auf Grundlage zweier historischer Fallstudien (Kampala und Nairobi) argumentiert der Beitrag, dass sich die unzureichenden Anpassungsleistungen urbaner Wasserversorgungsinfrastrukturen an ihr sozio-ökonomisches Umfeld mit dem Konzept technological closure durchdringen lassen. Um die vorherrschenden Strukturen zu verstehen, bedarf es zudem einer näheren Untersuchung der ihnen eingeschriebenen Werte und Ideologien. Als großtechnische Infrastruktursysteme im Zuge der Dekolonisierung als Sinnbilder des technischen Fortschritts in Afrika Verbreitung fanden, hatten diese in Europa bereits den Status einer diskursiven Schließung („closure“) erreicht. Auch nach der Unabhängigkeit erfüllten sie weiterhin vor allem symbolische Funktion, während staatliche Akteure die Kontroversen um die Versorgungsprobleme weitgehend ignorierten. Rücken wir die maßgeblichen sozialen Akteure – Regierungen, Geldgeber, Wasserversorger und Nutzer – wie auch die Macht- und Anreizstrukturen in den Mittelpunkt der Analyse, wird es möglich, das Verständnis für diese (post)kolonialen Eigendynamiken zu vertiefen.

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              Governing the Contaminated City: Infrastructure and Sanitation in Colonial and Post-Colonial Bombay

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                david.nilsson@abe.kth.se
                Journal
                NTM
                NTM
                Ntm
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0036-6978
                1 March 2017
                1 March 2017
                2016
                : 24
                : 4
                : 481-510
                Affiliations
                ISNI 0000000121581746, GRID grid.5037.1, Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment, , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, ; Teknikringen 74 D, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
                Article
                160
                10.1007/s00048-017-0160-0
                5357287
                28251246
                c6cf6bce-450c-4c8a-b08d-798aca0454ef
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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                © Springer International Publishing 2016

                History
                technological change,social construction of technology (scot),innovation,closure,africa,urban infrastructure,water and sanitation infrastructure,technischer wandel,schließung,afrika,städtische infrastruktur,wasserversorgung,abwasserentsorgung

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