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      Optimización del protocolo postoperatorio en reconstrucción microquirúrgica mamaria con colgajo abdominal DIEP y MS-TRAM Translated title: Optimization of the postoperative protocol of the microsurgical breast reconstruction with DIEP and MS-TRAM flaps

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción y objetivo. El manejo del dolor es esencial en el postoperatorio inmediato de los colgajos microquirúrgicos para reconstrucción de mama. Presentamos un estudio de optimización del manejo postoperatorio basado en la introducción de un catéter de bupivacaína subfascial abdominal y la movilización precoz de las pacientes. Material y método. Incluimos los colgajos DIEP y MS-TRAM libres para reconstrucción mamaria llevados a cabo en nuestro Servicio de enero 2013 a diciembre 2019, divididos en 2 grupos según el protocolo de manejo postoperatorio empleado, estándar o de rápida recuperación, para comparar su efectividad. Resultados. Analizamos un total de 186 pacientes: 68 en el grupo estándar y 118 en el grupo de rápida recuperación. La estancia hospitalaria, la necesidad de mórficos de rescate y los vómitos durante el postoperatorio inmediato disminuyeron de forma estadísticamente significativa en el grupo de rápida recuperación (p = 0.013, p = 0.001 y p = 0.012, respectivamente). El inicio de la deambulación fue más precoz en el grupo de rápida recuperación, también de forma estadísticamente significativa (p = 0.01). No objetivamos más complicaciones abdominales asociadas al cambio del protocolo. Conclusiones. En nuestra experiencia, el protocolo de rápida recuperación permite optimizar el manejo del dolor postoperatorio, iniciar una deambulación más temprana y reducir la estancia hospitalaria en la reconstrucción microquirúrgica mamaria con colgajo abdominal. Nivel de evidencia científica 4c Terapéutico

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objective. Pain management is essential during the immediate postoperative period of microsurgical flaps for breast reconstruction. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a postoperative management protocol based on the use of an abdominal bupivacaine catheter and the early mobilization of patients. Methods. Patients underwent free DIEP and MS-TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction in our Service from January 2013 to December 2019 were included and divided into 2 groups according to the postoperative management protocol used, standard versus fast-track, to compare its effectiveness. Results. A total of 186 patients were included: 68 standard group, 118 fast-track group. The length of hospital stays, the intravenous opiate use and vomiting during the immediate postoperative period, were reduced in the fast-track group, and the results were statistically significant (p = 0.013, p =0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). The initiation of ambulation was earlier in the fast-track group (p = 0.01). No differences in abdominal complications were found between both protocols. Conclusions. In our experience, the fast-track protocol allows to optimize the management of postoperative pain, to initiate an earlier ambulation and to reduce the length of the hospital stay in breast microsurgical reconstruction with abdominal fap. Level of evidence 4c Terapeutic

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          Most cited references31

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          Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation

          H Kehlet (1997)
          Major surgery is still associated with undesirable sequelae such as pain, cardiopulmonary, infective and thromboembolic complications, cerebral dysfunction, nausea and gastrointestinal paralysis, fatigue and prolonged convalescence. The key pathogenic factor in postoperative morbidity, excluding failures of surgical and anaesthetic technique, is the surgical stress response with subsequent increased demands on organ function. These changes in organ function are thought to be mediated by trauma-induced endocrine metabolic changes and activation of several biological cascade systems (cytokines, complement, arachidonic acid metabolites, nitric oxide, free oxygen radicals, etc). To understand postoperative morbidity it is therefore necessary to understand the pathophysiological role of the various components of the surgical stress response and to determine if modification of such responses may improve surgical outcome. While no single technique or drug regimen has been shown to eliminate postoperative morbidity and mortality, multimodal interventions may lead to a major reduction in the undesirable sequelae of surgical injury with improved recovery and reduction in postoperative morbidity and overall costs.
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            Refining the course of the thoracolumbar nerves: a new understanding of the innervation of the anterior abdominal wall.

            Previous descriptions of the thoracolumbar spinal nerves innervating the anterior abdominal wall have been inconsistent. With modern surgical and anesthetic techniques that involve or may damage these nerves, an improved understanding of the precise course and variability of this anatomy has become increasingly important. The course of the nerves of the anterior abdominal is described based on a thorough cadaveric study and review of the literature. Twenty human cadaveric hemi-abdominal walls were dissected to map the course of the nerves of the anterior abdominal wall. Dissection included a comprehensive tracing of nerves and their branches from their origins in five specimens. The branching pattern and course of all nerves identified were described. All thoracolumbar nerves that innervate the anterior abdominal wall were found to travel as multiple mixed segmental nerves, which branch and communicate widely within the transversus abdominis plane (TAP). This communication may occur at multiple locations, including large branch communications anterolaterally (intercostal plexus), and in plexuses that run with the deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) (TAP plexus) and the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) (rectus sheath plexus). Rectus abdominis muscle is innervated by segments T6-L1, with a constant branch from L1. The umbilicus is always innervated by a branch of T10. As such, identification or damage to individual nerves in the TAP or within rectus sheath is unlikely to involve single segmental nerves. An understanding of this anatomy may contribute to explaining clinical outcomes and preventing complications, following TAP blocks for anesthesia and DIEA perforator flaps for breast reconstruction. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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              The transversus abdominis plane block provides effective postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy.

              Patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy suffer significant postoperative pain. The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a recently described approach to providing analgesia to the anterior abdominal wall. We evaluated the analgesic efficacy of the TAP block in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy via a transverse lower abdominal wall incision, in a randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Fifty females undergoing elective total abdominal hysterectomy were randomized to undergo TAP block with ropivacaine (n = 24) versus placebo (n = 26) in addition to standard postoperative analgesia comprising patient-controlled IV morphine analgesia and regular diclofenac and acetaminophen. All patients received a general anesthetic and, before surgical incision, a bilateral TAP block was performed using 1.5 mg/kg ropivacaine (to a maximal dose of 150 mg) or saline on each side. Each patient was assessed postoperatively by a blinded investigator in the postanesthesia care unit and at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 h postoperatively. The TAP block with ropivacaine reduced postoperative visual analog scale pain scores compared to placebo block. Mean (+/-SD) total morphine requirements in the first 48 postoperative hours were also reduced (55 +/- 17 mg vs 27 +/- 20 mg, P < 0.001). The incidence of sedation was reduced in patients undergoing TAP blockade. There were no complications attributable to the TAP block. The TAP block, as a component of a multimodal analgesic regimen, provided superior analgesia when compared to placebo block up to 48 postoperative hours after elective total abdominal hysterectomy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0376-7892
                1989-2055
                September 2023
                : 49
                : 3
                : 231-236
                Affiliations
                [3] Barcelona orgnameHospital Germans Trias i Pujol orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Plástica España
                [2] Barcelona orgnameHospital Germans Trias i Pujol orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Plástica España
                [1] Barcelona orgnameHospital Germans Trias i Pujol orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Plástica España
                Article
                S0376-78922023000300005 S0376-7892(23)04900300005
                10.4321/s0376-78922023000300005
                c70edf2a-8ab8-468c-8188-479e4fdc8398

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 June 2023
                : 24 August 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Cirugía Mamaria

                MS-TRAM,Breast reconstruction,DIEP,Postoperative management,Reconstrucción mama,Manejo postoperatorio

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