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      Molecular Epidemiology of Dengue in Panama: 25 Years of Circulation

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          Abstract

          Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent arbovirus in terms of human public health importance globally. In addition to DENV epidemiological surveillance, genomic surveillance may help investigators understand the epidemiological dynamics, geographic distribution, and temporal patterns of DENV circulation. Herein, we aimed to reconstruct the molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of DENV in Panama to connect the epidemiological history of DENV dispersal and circulation in Latin America. We retrospectively analyzed the epidemiological data obtained during 25 years of DENV surveillance in Panama. DENV was reintroduced in Panama in 1993 after a 35 year absence of autochthonous transmission. The increase in the number of total dengue cases has been accompanied by an increase in severe and fatal cases, with the highest case fatality rate recorded in 2011. All four serotypes were detected in Panama, which is characterized by serotype replacement and/or co-circulation of multiple serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of datasets collected from envelope (E) gene sequences obtained from viruses isolated from human sera demonstrated that circulating viruses were highly diverse and clustered in distinct clades, with co-circulation of clades from the same genotype. Our analyses also suggest that Panamanian strains were related to viruses from different regions of the Americas, suggesting a continuous exchange of viruses within the Americas.

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          Most cited references58

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          GenBank® is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available DNA sequences for more than 165 000 named organisms, obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects. Most submissions are made using the web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs and accession numbers are assigned by GenBank staff upon receipt. Daily data exchange with the EMBL Data Library in the UK and the DNA Data Bank of Japan helps to ensure worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through NCBI's retrieval system, Entrez, which integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome, mapping, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of the GenBank database are available by FTP. To access GenBank and its related retrieval and analysis services, go to the NCBI Homepage at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
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            Chikungunya in the Americas.

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              The epidemiology of dengue in the americas over the last three decades: a worrisome reality.

              We have reported the epidemic patterns of dengue disease in the Region of the Americas from 1980 through 2007. Dengue cases reported to the Pan American Health Organization were analyzed from three periods: 1980-1989 (80s), 1990-1999 (90s), and 2000-2007 (2000-7). Age distribution data were examined from Brazil, Venezuela, Honduras, and Mexico. Cases increased over time: 1,033,417 (80s) to 2,725,405 (90s) to 4,759,007 (2000-7). The highest concentrations were reported in the Hispanic Caribbean (39.1%) in the 80s shifting to the Southern Cone in the 90s (55%) and 2000-7 (62.9%). From 1980 through 1987, 242 deaths were reported compared with 1,391 during 2000-7. The most frequently isolated serotypes were DENV-1 and DENV-2 (90s) and DENV-2 and DENV-3 (2000-7). The highest incidence was observed among adolescents and young adults; dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence was highest among infants in Venezuela. Increasing dengue morbidity/mortality was observed in the Americas in recent decades.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Viruses
                Viruses
                viruses
                Viruses
                MDPI
                1999-4915
                20 August 2019
                August 2019
                : 11
                : 8
                : 764
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Justo Arosemena avenue and 35st street, 0816-02593 Panama, Republic of Panama
                [2 ]Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, 3366 Panama 4, Republic of Panama
                [3 ]National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, 0816-06812 Panama 1, Republic of Panama
                [4 ]Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Panama, 3366 Panama 4, Republic of Panama
                [5 ]Department of Research in Emergent and Zoonotic diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Justo Arosemena avenue and 35st street, 0816-02593 Panama, Republic of Panama
                [6 ]Research Direction, Universidad Interamericana de Panama, Apto., 0830-00929 Panama, Republic of Panama
                [7 ]Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
                [8 ]Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
                [9 ]Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
                [10 ]The World Reference Collection of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: slopez@ 123456gorgas.gob.pa ; Tel.: +507-527-4814
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1459-2858
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1106-8479
                Article
                viruses-11-00764
                10.3390/v11080764
                6724401
                31434193
                c7264ec4-165e-488b-aebf-c17b2eaa351e
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 21 April 2019
                : 24 July 2019
                Categories
                Article

                Microbiology & Virology
                dengue virus,molecular epidemiology,flavivirus,the americas,panama,outbreak,arbovirus

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