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      The Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Cinnamomum camphora and Their Insecticidal Activity against the Stored Product Pests

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          Abstract

          To investigate the chemical composition and insecticidal activity of the essential oils of certain Chinese medicinal herbs and spices, the essential oils were extracted from the stem barks, leaves, and fruits of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl, which were found to possess strong fumigant toxicity against Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne adults. The essential oils of the plants were extracted by the method of steam distillation using a Clavenger apparatus. Their composition was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses (HP-5MS column), and their insecticidal activity was measured by seal-spaced fumigation. D-camphor (51.3%), 1,8-cineole (4.3%), and α-terpineol (3.8%), while D-camphor (28.1%), linalool (22.9%), and 1,8-cineole (5.3%) were the main constituents of its fruits. The essential oils of the C. camphora all showed fumigant and contact toxicity. Other compounds exhibited various levels of bioactivities. The results indicate that the essential oils of C. camphora and its individual compounds can be considered a natural resource for the two stored-product insect management.

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          Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world.

          Murray Isman (2006)
          Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
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            Repellent activity of essential oils: a review.

            Luz Nerio, Jesus Olivero-Verbél, Elena Stashenko (2010)
            Currently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control insects and arthropods raises several concerns related to environment and human health. An alternative is to use natural products that possess good efficacy and are environmentally friendly. Among those chemicals, essential oils from plants belonging to several species have been extensively tested to assess their repellent properties as a valuable natural resource. The essential oils whose repellent activities have been demonstrated, as well as the importance of the synergistic effects among their components are the main focus of this review. Essential oils are volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons with a diversity of functional groups, and their repellent activity has been linked to the presence of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. However, in some cases, these chemicals can work synergistically, improving their effectiveness. In addition, the use of other natural products in the mixture, such as vanillin, could increase the protection time, potentiating the repellent effect of some essential oils. Among the plant families with promising essential oils used as repellents, Cymbopogon spp., Ocimum spp. and Eucalyptus spp. are the most cited. Individual compounds present in these mixtures with high repellent activity include alpha-pinene, limonene, citronellol, citronellal, camphor and thymol. Finally, although from an economical point of view synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used as repellents than essential oils, these natural products have the potential to provide efficient, and safer repellents for humans and the environment.
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              Plant products as fumigants for stored-product insect control

              S Rajendran, V. Sriranjini (2008)
              Article 0 comments Cited 138 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Maurizio Battino: Role: Academic Editor
                Francesca Giampieri: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 November 2016
                Publication date Collection: November 2016
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1836
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; guoshanshan@ 123456mail.bnu.edu.cn (S.G.); gengzhufeng@ 123456bnu.edu.cn (Z.G.); zwj0729@ 123456mail.bnu.edu.cn (W.Z.); liangjunyu@ 123456nwnu.edu.cn (J.L.); dengzw@ 123456bnu.edu.cn (Z.D.)
                [2 ]Analytical and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: wangchengfang@ 123456mail.bnu.edu.cn (C.W.); dushushan@ 123456bnu.edu.cn (S.D.); Tel./Fax: +86-10-6220-8022 (C.W. & S.D.)
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-17-01836
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111836
                PMC ID: 5133837
                PubMed ID: 27827929
                SO-VID: c740fbc2-6692-4330-9b68-c3391bf9239e
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 18 August 2016
                Date accepted : 31 October 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: cinnamomum camphora,tribolium castaneum,lasioderma serricorne,fumigant activity,contact activity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: cinnamomum camphora, tribolium castaneum, lasioderma serricorne, fumigant activity, contact activity

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