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      Effect of particulate iron on tracking indoor PM 2.5 of outdoor origin: A case study in Nanjing, China

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          Abstract

          A tracer element can help distinguish between indoor PM 2.5 of outdoor origin and that of indoor origin. PM 2.5-associated iron has been proposed as a tracer element of PM 2.5 in Beijing. This study aims to examine the effect of particulate iron on tracking indoor PM 2.5 of outdoor origin in temporal and spatial scales. From July 2018 to March 2019, we collected 24 pairs of indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 samples in Nanjing, China. We calculated a normalized ratio (ratio of indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of iron to that of PM 2.5). Results show a mean ± SD of the normalized ratio of 1.0 ± 0.38. It suggests that particulate iron tracks PM 2.5 well during outdoor-to-indoor transport on average. This tracking performance varies temporally. The mean ± SD of the normalized ratio is 0.79 ± 0.17 from July to December 2018 and 1.2 ± 0.41 in March. The results from studies published in different regions of the world over recent years show a mean normalized ratio of 0.88, 0.67, 1.3 and 0.8 in Asia, Europe, North America and South America, respectively, indicating the spatial heterogeneity of iron’s tracking effect. In comparison, sulphate appears to exhibit a less stable tracking effect than iron.

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          The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants.

          N E Klepeis, W C Nelson, W R Ott … (2001)
          Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (n=9386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States (U.S.) sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland's Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the U.S. and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when NHAPS was conducted. However, the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is determined by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.
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            Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

            Robert D Brook, Sanjay Rajagopalan, C. Pope … (2010)
            In 2004, the first American Heart Association scientific statement on "Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease" concluded that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In the interim, numerous studies have expanded our understanding of this association and further elucidated the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved. The main objective of this updated American Heart Association scientific statement is to provide a comprehensive review of the new evidence linking PM exposure with cardiovascular disease, with a specific focus on highlighting the clinical implications for researchers and healthcare providers. The writing group also sought to provide expert consensus opinions on many aspects of the current state of science and updated suggestions for areas of future research. On the basis of the findings of this review, several new conclusions were reached, including the following: Exposure to PM <2.5 microm in diameter (PM(2.5)) over a few hours to weeks can trigger cardiovascular disease-related mortality and nonfatal events; longer-term exposure (eg, a few years) increases the risk for cardiovascular mortality to an even greater extent than exposures over a few days and reduces life expectancy within more highly exposed segments of the population by several months to a few years; reductions in PM levels are associated with decreases in cardiovascular mortality within a time frame as short as a few years; and many credible pathological mechanisms have been elucidated that lend biological plausibility to these findings. It is the opinion of the writing group that the overall evidence is consistent with a causal relationship between PM(2.5) exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This body of evidence has grown and been strengthened substantially since the first American Heart Association scientific statement was published. Finally, PM(2.5) exposure is deemed a modifiable factor that contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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              Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect

              C. Pope, Douglas Dockery (2006)
              Efforts to understand and mitigate thehealth effects of particulate matter (PM) air pollutionhave a rich and interesting history. This review focuseson six substantial lines of research that have been pursued since 1997 that have helped elucidate our understanding about the effects of PM on human health. There hasbeen substantial progress in the evaluation of PM health effects at different time-scales of exposure and in the exploration of the shape of the concentration-response function. There has also been emerging evidence of PM-related cardiovascular health effects and growing knowledge regarding interconnected general pathophysiological pathways that link PM exposure with cardiopulmonary morbidiity and mortality. Despite important gaps in scientific knowledge and continued reasons for some skepticism, a comprehensive evaluation of the research findings provides persuasive evidence that exposure to fine particulate air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonaryhealth. Although much of this research has been motivated by environmental public health policy, these results have important scientific, medical, and public health implications that are broader than debates over legally mandated air quality standards.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Title: Indoor and Built Environment
                Abbreviated Title: Indoor and Built Environment
                Publisher: SAGE Publications
                ISSN (Print): 1420-326X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0070
                Publication date Created: June 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): January 13 2020
                Publication date (Print): June 2021
                Volume: 30
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 711-723
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
                [2 ]Engineering Research Center of Building Equipment, Energy, and Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
                [3 ]School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
                Article
                DOI: 10.1177/1420326X19899145
                SO-VID: c7417a51-ce27-422e-952e-030d23201d9e
                Copyright © © 2021
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                http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license

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