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      Fear of missing out (FOMO): overview, theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative affectivity and problematic technology use

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          Abstract

          This article discusses the fear of missing out (FOMO) on rewarding experiences, an important psychological construct in contemporary times. We present an overview of the FOMO construct and its operational definition and measurement. Then, we review recent empirical research on FOMO’s relationship with levels of online social engagement, problematic technology and internet communication use, negative affectivity, and sociodemographic variables. Additionally, we discuss theoretical conceptualizations regarding possible causes of FOMO and how FOMO may drive problematic internet technology use. Finally, we discuss future directions for the empirical study of FOMO.

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          Most cited references118

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          The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories

          P.F. Lovibond, S.H. Lovibond (1995)
          The psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) were evaluated in a normal sample of N = 717 who were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The DASS was shown to possess satisfactory psychometric properties, and the factor structure was substantiated both by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In comparison to the BDI and BAI, the DASS scales showed greater separation in factor loadings. The DASS Anxiety scale correlated 0.81 with the BAI, and the DASS Depression scale correlated 0.74 with the BDI. Factor analyses suggested that the BDI differs from the DASS Depression scale primarily in that the BDI includes items such as weight loss, insomnia, somatic preoccupation and irritability, which fail to discriminate between depression and other affective states. The factor structure of the combined BDI and BAI items was virtually identical to that reported by Beck for a sample of diagnosed depressed and anxious patients, supporting the view that these clinical states are more severe expressions of the same states that may be discerned in normals. Implications of the results for the conceptualisation of depression, anxiety and tension/stress are considered, and the utility of the DASS scales in discriminating between these constructs is discussed.
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            Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.

            R Ryan, E Deci (1999)
            Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, passive and alienated, largely as a function of the social conditions in which they develop and function. Accordingly, research guided by self-determination theory has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motivation and healthy psychological development. Specifically, factors have been examined that enhance versus undermine intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The findings have led to the postulate of three innate psychological needs--competence, autonomy, and relatedness--which when satisfied yield enhanced self-motivation and mental health and when thwarted lead to diminished motivation and well-being. Also considered is the significance of these psychological needs and processes within domains such as health care, education, work, sport, religion, and psychotherapy.
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              Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model.

              Matthias Brand, Kimberly Young, CHRISTIAN LAIER … (2016)
              Within the last two decades, many studies have addressed the clinical phenomenon of Internet-use disorders, with a particular focus on Internet-gaming disorder. Based on previous theoretical considerations and empirical findings, we suggest an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of specific Internet-use disorders. The I-PACE model is a theoretical framework for the processes underlying the development and maintenance of an addictive use of certain Internet applications or sites promoting gaming, gambling, pornography viewing, shopping, or communication. The model is composed as a process model. Specific Internet-use disorders are considered to be the consequence of interactions between predisposing factors, such as neurobiological and psychological constitutions, moderators, such as coping styles and Internet-related cognitive biases, and mediators, such as affective and cognitive responses to situational triggers in combination with reduced executive functioning. Conditioning processes may strengthen these associations within an addiction process. Although the hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders, summarized in the I-PACE model, must be further tested empirically, implications for treatment interventions are suggested.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Braz J Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Braz J Psychiatry
                Journal ID (publisher-id): bjp
                Title: Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry
                Publisher: Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria
                ISSN (Print): 1516-4446
                ISSN (Electronic): 1809-452X
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 May 2020
                Publication date Collection: Mar-Apr 2021
                Volume: 43
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 203-209
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
                [2 ]Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
                [3 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
                [4 ]Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Haibo Yang, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, No. 57-1 Wujiayao Street, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300074, China. E-mail: yanghaibo@ 123456tjnu.edu.cn
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5205-9010
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8112-0837
                Article
                DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0870
                PMC ID: 8023172
                PubMed ID: 32401865
                SO-VID: c74d9b04-e94b-4c8a-bac6-d587195624ea
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 23 January 2020
                Date accepted : 7 March 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Special Article

                Keywords: addictive behavior,anxiety,social anxiety,depression,smartphone
                Data availability:
                Keywords: addictive behavior, anxiety, social anxiety, depression, smartphone

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