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      Effect of N-acetyl-cysteine on the hypoxic ventilatory response and erythropoietin production: linkage between plasma thiol redox state and O2 chemosensitivity

      1 , 1 , 1 , 1
      Blood
      American Society of Hematology

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          Abstract

          Oxygen-sensing chemoreceptors contribute significantly to the regulation of the respiratory drive and arterial PO2levels. The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) decreases strongly with age and is modulated by prolonged hypoxia and physical exercise. Several earlier studies indicated that the regulation of the ventilatory response and erythropoietin (EPO) production by the respective oxygen sensors involves redox-sensitive signaling pathways, which are triggered by the O2-dependent production of reactive oxygen species. The hypothesis that HVR and EPO production are modulated by thiol compounds or changes in the plasma thiol–disulfide redox state (REDST) was investigated. It was demonstrated that both responses are enhanced by oral treatment with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and that HVR is correlated with plasma thiol level and REDST. Results suggest the possibility that age-related changes in plasma REDST may account for the age-related changes in HVR.

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          Most cited references21

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          HIFalpha targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: implications for O2 sensing.

          HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in cellular adaptation to changes in oxygen availability. In the presence of oxygen, HIF is targeted for destruction by an E3 ubiquitin ligase containing the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL). We found that human pVHL binds to a short HIF-derived peptide when a conserved proline residue at the core of this peptide is hydroxylated. Because proline hydroxylation requires molecular oxygen and Fe(2+), this protein modification may play a key role in mammalian oxygen sensing.
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            Oxygen sensing and molecular adaptation to hypoxia.

            This review focuses on the molecular stratagems utilized by bacteria, yeast, and mammals in their adaptation to hypoxia. Among this broad range of organisms, changes in oxygen tension appear to be sensed by heme proteins, with subsequent transfer of electrons along a signal transduction pathway which may depend on reactive oxygen species. These heme-based sensors are generally two-domain proteins. Some are hemokinases, while others are flavohemoproteins [flavohemoglobins and NAD(P)H oxidases]. Hypoxia-dependent kinase activation of transcription factors in nitrogen-fixing bacteria bears a striking analogy to the phosphorylation of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in mammalian cells. Moreover, redox chemistry appears to play a critical role both in the trans-activation of oxygen-responsive genes in unicellular organisms as well as in the activation of HIF-1. In yeast and bacteria, regulatory operons coordinate expression of genes responsible for adaptive responses to hypoxia and hyperoxia. Similarly, in mammals, combinatorial interactions of HIF-1 with other identified transcription factors are required for the hypoxic induction of physiologically important genes.
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              S-nitrosothiols signal the ventilatory response to hypoxia.

              Increased ventilation in response to hypoxia has been appreciated for over a century, but the biochemistry underlying this response remains poorly understood. Here we define a pathway in which increased minute ventilation (&Vdot;E ) is signalled by deoxyhaemoglobin-derived S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). Specifically, we demonstrate that S-nitrosocysteinyl glycine (CGSNO) and S-nitroso-l-cysteine (l-CSNO)-but not S-nitroso-d-cysteine (d-CSNO)-reproduce the ventilatory effects of hypoxia at the level of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). We show that plasma from deoxygenated, but not from oxygenated, blood produces the ventilatory effect of both SNOs and hypoxia. Further, this activity is mediated by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and GSNO activation by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) is required. The normal response to hypoxia is impaired in a knockout mouse lacking gamma-GT. These observations suggest that S-nitrosothiol biochemistry is of central importance to the regulation of breathing.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Blood
                American Society of Hematology
                1528-0020
                0006-4971
                March 01 2002
                March 01 2002
                : 99
                : 5
                : 1552-1555
                Affiliations
                [1 ] From the Department of Immunochemistry, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg; and the Department of Sports Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
                Article
                10.1182/blood.V99.5.1552
                c787b091-c373-4d8a-9d9d-a7da267284a8
                © 2002
                History

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