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      Bioremediation potential of filamentous fungi in methylene blue: Solid and liquid culture media Translated title: Potencial de biorremediação de fungos filamentoso em azul de metileno: Meio sólido e líquido

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT The evaluation of the bioremediation potential of microbial with dyes in solid and liquid culture media has been described, but prior studies have not mentioned which culture method is most appropriate for selection of microorganisms. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the bioremediation potential of filamentous fungi in liquid and solid culture media with methylene blue. The fungi isolates tested were Pleurotus ostreatoroseus (POR-SP1, POR-SP2), P. ostreatus (DF39, EF58 and EF60), Pycnoporus sanguineus (PS) and Fusidium sp. (FUS). The methylene blue concentrations tested were 0, 5, 10, and 50 mg L-1 in the solid medium and 0, 5, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1 in the liquid medium. In the solid medium, the mycelial diameters of DF39, EF58, FUS, and PS were not influenced by the increase in dye concentration. In the liquid medium, DF39, EF58, EF60, and FUS showed a constant methylene blue degradation rate with increasing dye concentration. The dye degradation rate was correlated with the pH of the liquid medium for EF58, EF60, and FUS. The lower diameter growth in the solid medium did not influence the methylene blue dye degradation rate in the liquid medium.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A avaliação do potencial biorremediador microbiano com corantes é descrita em meio de cultura sólido e líquido, mas não é mencionado qual método de cultivo é o mais apropriado na seleção de microrganismos. Para tanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de biorremediação de fungos filamentosos, em meios de cultura líquido e sólido com azul de metileno. Os isolados fúngicos testados foram: Pleurotus ostreatoroseus (POR-SP1 e POR-SP2), P. ostreatus (DF39, EF58 e EF60), Pycnoporus sanguineus (PS) e Fusidium sp. (FUS). As concentrações de azul de metileno testadas foram 0, 5, 10 e 50 mg L-1 em meio sólido e de 0, 5, 25, 50 e 100 mg L-1 em meio líquido. No meio sólido, o diâmetro micelial de DF39, EF58, FUS e PS não foi influenciado pelo aumento da concentração de corante. Em meio líquido, DF39, EF58, EF60 e FUS apresentaram degradação do azul de metileno constante com o aumento da concentração do corante. A taxa de degradação do corante foi correlacionada com o pH do meio líquido, para EF58, EF60 e FUS. O menor crescimento, em diâmetro, em meio sólido, não influenciou na taxa de degradação do corante azul de metileno, em meio líquido.

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          Most cited references27

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          Methylene Blue: Revisited

          Methylene blue, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase has many uses in medicine. It has been found to improve the hypotension associated with various clinical states.1 It also improves hypoxia and hyper dynamic circulation in cirrhosis of liver and severe hepatopulmonary syndrome.2 It also results in transient and reproducible improvement in blood pressure and cardiac function in septic shock.3 METHYLENE BLUE IN CATECHOLAMINE REFRACTORY VASOPLEGIA Vasoplegic syndrome is generally defined as an arterial pressure 2.5 L /min/m2 , right atrial pressure 5mg/kg42 and rarely can cause severe anaphylactic shock.43 CONTRAINDICATIONS Methylene blue is contraindicated in patients who have developed hypersensitivity reactions to it and in severe renal insufficiency. It is relatively contraindicated in G6PD deficient patients as it can cause severe hemolysis and also in patients with Heinz body anemia.18 43 DRUG INTERACTIONS Methylene blue is a MAO inhibitor and therefore can interact with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and MAO inhibitors to cause serious serotonin toxicity.42 43 It also interacts with dapsone and forms hydroxylamine which oxidizes hemoglobin causing hemolysis.18 CONCLUSIONS Methylene Blue was till now known mainly as a dye but is now entering into the field of cardiac surgery and critical care as a very important therapeutic agent with diverse applications. The evidence for its use in methemoglobinemia is well established but that for its use in vasoplegia, septic shock, hepatopulmonary syndrome, malaria, ifosfamide neurotoxicity etc is limited but promising and commands more research.
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            Diverse Metabolic Capacities of Fungi for Bioremediation.

            Bioremediation refers to cost-effective and environment-friendly method for converting the toxic, recalcitrant pollutants into environmentally benign products through the action of various biological treatments. Fungi play a major role in bioremediation owing to their robust morphology and diverse metabolic capacity. The review focuses on different fungal groups from a variety of habitats with their role in bioremediation of different toxic and recalcitrant compounds; persistent organic pollutants, textile dyes, effluents from textile, bleached kraft pulp, leather tanning industries, petroleum, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and pesticides. Bioremediation of toxic organics by fungi is the most sustainable and green route for cleanup of contaminated sites and we discuss the multiple modes employed by fungi for detoxification of different toxic and recalcitrant compounds including prominent fungal enzymes viz., catalases, laccases, peroxidases and cyrochrome P450 monooxygeneses. We have also discussed the recent advances in enzyme engineering and genomics and research being carried out to trace the less understood bioremediation pathways.
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              Properties of bacterial laccases and their application in bioremediation of industrial wastes.

              The bioremediation process of industrial waste can be made more efficient using ligninolytic laccase enzymes, which are obtained from fungi, bacteria, higher plants, insects, and also in lichen. Laccase are catalyzed in the mono-electronic oxidation of a substrate from the expenditure of molecular oxygen. This enzyme belongs to the multicopper oxidases and participates in the cross linking of monomers, involved in the degradation of wide range industrial pollutants. In recent years, these enzymes have gained application in pulp and paper, textile and food industries. There are numerous reviews on laccases; however, a lot of information is still unknown due to their broad range of functions and applications. In this review, the bacterial laccases are focused for the bioremediation of various industrial pollutants. A brief description on structural molecular and physicochemical properties has been made. Moreover, the mechanism by which the reaction is catalyzed, the physical basis of thermostability and enantioselectivity, which requires more attention from researchers, and applications of laccase in various fields of biotechnology are pointed out.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cagro
                Ciência e Agrotecnologia
                Ciênc. agrotec.
                Editora da Universidade Federal de Lavras (Lavras, MG, Brazil )
                1413-7054
                1981-1829
                September 2017
                : 41
                : 5
                : 526-532
                Affiliations
                [1] São Cristóvão orgnameUniversidade Federal de Sergipe orgdiv1Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica Brazil
                Article
                S1413-70542017000500526
                10.1590/1413-70542017415002917
                c7893dfb-2a59-4741-a3b2-dc04b20742c3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 July 2017
                : 11 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Environmental microbiology,biodegradation,dye.,Microbiologia ambiental,biodegradação,corante.

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