Pelecocera ( Pelecocera) tricincta and Pelecocera ( Chamaesyrphus) caledonica (Diptera, Syrphidae) reared from Rhizopogon fungal host in Finland

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Abstract

MtDNA COI barcodes have frequently been used in identification to associate an unknown life stage in insects with a known species. This study reports the discovery of hoverfly larvae in the fungal fruit bodies of Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. & Nordholm, 1817 in Finland. The identity of the larvae was firstly resolved using mtDNA COI barcodes generated from the larvae and tree-based identification confirming the species Pelecocera ( Pelecocera) tricincta Meigen, 1822 and Pelecocera ( Chamaesyrphus) caledonica (Collin, 1940) ( Diptera , Syrphidae ). Obtained pupae were reared into adult flies and produced the same two species. The morphological features of these mycophagous larvae are compared with those of other fungus-feeding hoverfly species. This study confirms Rhizopogon luteolus as fungal host for these Pelecocera species in the Western Palaearctic Region.

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Most cited references 23

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MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11

Koichiro Tamura, Glen Stecher, Sudhir Kumar (2021)

The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software has matured to contain a large collection of methods and tools of computational molecular evolution. Here, we describe new additions that make MEGA a more comprehensive tool for building timetrees of species, pathogens, and gene families using rapid relaxed-clock methods. Methods for estimating divergence times and confidence intervals are implemented to use probability densities for calibration constraints for node-dating and sequence sampling dates for tip-dating analyses. They are supported by new options for tagging sequences with spatiotemporal sampling information, an expanded interactive Node Calibrations Editor , and an extended Tree Explorer to display timetrees. Also added is a Bayesian method for estimating neutral evolutionary probabilities of alleles in a species using multispecies sequence alignments and a machine learning method to test for the autocorrelation of evolutionary rates in phylogenies. The computer memory requirements for the maximum likelihood analysis are reduced significantly through reprogramming, and the graphical user interface has been made more responsive and interactive for very big data sets. These enhancements will improve the user experience, quality of results, and the pace of biological discovery. Natively compiled graphical user interface and command-line versions of MEGA11 are available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS from www.megasoftware.net .

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The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.

N Saitou, M Nei (1987)

A new method called the neighbor-joining method is proposed for reconstructing phylogenetic trees from evolutionary distance data. The principle of this method is to find pairs of operational taxonomic units (OTUs [= neighbors]) that minimize the total branch length at each stage of clustering of OTUs starting with a starlike tree. The branch lengths as well as the topology of a parsimonious tree can quickly be obtained by using this method. Using computer simulation, we studied the efficiency of this method in obtaining the correct unrooted tree in comparison with that of five other tree-making methods: the unweighted pair group method of analysis, Farris's method, Sattath and Tversky's method, Li's method, and Tateno et al.'s modified Farris method. The new, neighbor-joining method and Sattath and Tversky's method are shown to be generally better than the other methods.

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A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.

Motoo Kimura (1980)

Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or "transition" type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or "transversion" type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = -(1/2) ln [(1-2P-Q) square root of 1-2Q]. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K'S = -(1/2) ln (1-2P-Q). Also, formulae for standard errors were obtained. Some examples were worked out using reported globin sequences to show that synonymous substitutions occur at much higher rates than amino acid-altering substitutions in evolution.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Gunilla Ståhls:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-0691

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biodivers Data J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biodivers Data J

Journal ID (publisher-id): 1

Journal ID (index): urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:F9B2E808-C883-5F47-B276-6D62129E4FF4

Journal ID (aggregator): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:245B00E9-BFE5-4B4F-B76E-15C30BA74C02

Title: Biodiversity Data Journal

Publisher: Pensoft Publishers

ISSN (Print): 1314-2836

ISSN (Electronic): 1314-2828

Publication date Collection: 2024

Publication date (Electronic): 15 April 2024

Volume: 12

Electronic Location Identifier: e118563

Affiliations

[1 ] Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, Helsinki, Finland Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus Helsinki Finland

Author notes

Corresponding author: Gunilla Ståhls ( gunilla.stahls@ 123456helsinki.fi ).

Academic editor: AJ Fleming

Author information

Gunilla Ståhls https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-0691

Article

Publisher ID: 118563 Publisher-manuscript ID: 24028

DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e118563

PMC ID: 11035976

PubMed ID: 38655012

SO-VID: c7b2c0d5-56fd-4ae8-a9c5-b7953e3c4489

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

History

Date received : 10 January 2024

Date accepted : 02 April 2024

Page count

Figures: 8, Tables: 0, References: 22

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Pelecocera ( Pelecocera) tricincta and Pelecocera ( Chamaesyrphus) caledonica (Diptera, Syrphidae) reared from Rhizopogon fungal host in Finland

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