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      Prevalence and multi-locus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in rabbits from Shaanxi province in northwestern China Translated title: Prévalence et génotypage multi-locus de Giardia duodenalis chez les lapins de la province du Shaanxi, nord-ouest de la Chine

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      EDP Sciences
      Giardia duodenalis, Multi-locus genotyping, Prevalence, Rabbit, Shaanxi Province

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          Abstract

          Giardia duodenalis is an important parasite with veterinary and public health significance worldwide. The presence and zoonotic assemblages of G. duodenalis have previously been reported in rabbits. In this study, to understand the infection status of G. duodenalis in rabbits from Shaanxi province, a total of 537 fecal samples were collected from two breeds of rabbits in four age groups (<30 days, 31–90 days, 91–200 days and >200 days) from four geographical origins (Fengxiang, Yangling, Tongchuan, and Shanyang). The presence of G. duodenalis in these samples was assessed using molecular assays based on beta-giardin ( bg). The glutamate dehydrogenase ( gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase ( tpi) loci were then amplified in the bg-positive samples for multi-locus genotype (MLG) analysis. The total prevalence of G. duodenalis in these rabbits was 3.54% (19/537). Giardia duodenalis infection was found in both breeds of rabbits, and in all farms and age groups, but with no statistically significant differences related to these factors ( p > 0.05). Two assemblages, including B and E, were identified, with the former the predominant assemblage detected in both breeds, and in all age groups and farms. Sequence analysis revealed 2 (named as rbg1-2), 1 (named as rtpi1), and 2 (named as rgdh1-2) haplotypes at the gene loci of bg, tpi, and gdh, respectively, forming a multilocus genotype (MLG) of assemblage B (rbg1, rtpi1, and rgdh1). These findings reveal the significant zoonotic potential and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in rabbits in Shaanxi Province, PR China.

          Translated abstract

          Giardia duodenalis est un parasite de grande importance vétérinaire et en santé publique dans le monde entier. La présence et les assemblages zoonotiques de G. duodenalis ont déjà été rapportés chez le lapin. Dans cette étude, pour comprendre le statut infectieux de G. duodenalis chez les lapins de la province du Shaanxi, un total de 537 échantillons fécaux ont été prélevés sur deux races de lapins dans quatre groupes d’âge (<30 jours, 31–90 jours, 91–200 jours et >200 jours) de quatre origines géographiques (Fengxiang, Yangling, Tongchuan, Shanyang). La présence de G. duodenalis dans ces échantillons a été évaluée à l’aide de tests moléculaires basés sur la bêta-giardine ( bg). Les loci de la glutamate déshydrogénase ( gdh) et de la triosephosphate isomérase ( tpi) ont ensuite été amplifiés dans les échantillons bg-positifs pour l’analyse des génotypes multilocus (MLG). La prévalence totale de G. duodenalis chez ces lapins était de 3,54 % (19/537). L’infection à Giardia duodenalis a été trouvée chez les deux races de lapins et dans tous les élevages et groupes d’âge, mais sans différence statistiquement significative liée à ces facteurs ( p > 0,05). Deux assemblages, dont B et E, ont été identifiés, le premier étant l’assemblage prédominant détecté dans les deux races, et dans tous les groupes d’âge et élevages. L’analyse des séquences a révélé des haplotypes, 2 (nommés rbg1-2), 1 (nommé rtpi1) et 2 (nommés rgdh1-2) aux loci des gènes de bg, tpi et gdh, respectivement, formant un génotype multilocus (MLG) de l’assemblage B (rbg1, rtpi1 et rgdh1). Ces résultats ont révélé l’important potentiel zoonotique et la diversité génétique de G. duodenalis chez les lapins de la province chinoise du Shaanxi.

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          Most cited references77

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          Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis.

          Molecular diagnostic tools have been used recently in assessing the taxonomy, zoonotic potential, and transmission of Giardia species and giardiasis in humans and animals. The results of these studies have firmly established giardiasis as a zoonotic disease, although host adaptation at the genotype and subtype levels has reduced the likelihood of zoonotic transmission. These studies have also identified variations in the distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes among geographic areas and between domestic and wild ruminants and differences in clinical manifestations and outbreak potentials of assemblages A and B. Nevertheless, our efforts in characterizing the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis and the roles of various animals in the transmission of human giardiasis are compromised by the lack of case-control and longitudinal cohort studies and the sampling and testing of humans and animals living in the same community, the frequent occurrence of infections with mixed genotypes and subtypes, and the apparent heterozygosity at some genetic loci for some G. duodenalis genotypes. With the increased usage of multilocus genotyping tools, the development of next-generation subtyping tools, the integration of molecular analysis in epidemiological studies, and an improved understanding of the population genetics of G. duodenalis in humans and animals, we should soon have a better appreciation of the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis, the disease burden of zoonotic transmission, the taxonomy status and virulences of various G. duodenalis genotypes, and the ecology of environmental contamination.
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            Global Causes of Diarrheal Disease Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review

            Estimation of pathogen-specific causes of child diarrhea deaths is needed to guide vaccine development and other prevention strategies. We did a systematic review of articles published between 1990 and 2011 reporting at least one of 13 pathogens in children <5 years of age hospitalized with diarrhea. We included 2011 rotavirus data from the Rotavirus Surveillance Network coordinated by WHO. We excluded studies conducted during diarrhea outbreaks that did not discriminate between inpatient and outpatient cases, reporting nosocomial infections, those conducted in special populations, not done with adequate methods, and rotavirus studies in countries where the rotavirus vaccine was used. Age-adjusted median proportions for each pathogen were calculated and applied to 712 000 deaths due to diarrhea in children under 5 years for 2011, assuming that those observed among children hospitalized for diarrhea represent those causing child diarrhea deaths. 163 articles and WHO studies done in 31 countries were selected representing 286 inpatient studies. Studies seeking only one pathogen found higher proportions for some pathogens than studies seeking multiple pathogens (e.g. 39% rotavirus in 180 single-pathogen studies vs. 20% in 24 studies with 5–13 pathogens, p<0·0001). The percentage of episodes for which no pathogen could be identified was estimated to be 34%; the total of all age-adjusted percentages for pathogens and no-pathogen cases was 138%. Adjusting all proportions, including unknowns, to add to 100%, we estimated that rotavirus caused 197 000 [Uncertainty range (UR) 110 000–295 000], enteropathogenic E. coli 79 000 (UR 31 000–146 000), calicivirus 71 000 (UR 39 000–113 000), and enterotoxigenic E. coli 42 000 (UR 20 000–76 000) deaths. Rotavirus, calicivirus, enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic E. coli cause more than half of all diarrheal deaths in children <5 years in the world.
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              Zoonotic potential of Giardia.

              Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) is a common intestinal parasite of humans and mammals worldwide. Assessing the zoonotic transmission of the infection requires molecular characterization as there is considerable genetic variation within G. duodenalis. To date eight major genetic groups (assemblages) have been identified, two of which (A and B) are found in both humans and animals, whereas the remaining six (C to H) are host-specific and do not infect humans. Sequence-based surveys of single loci have identified a number of genetic variants (genotypes) within assemblages A and B in animal species, some of which may have zoonotic potential. Multi-locus typing data, however, has shown that in most cases, animals do not share identical multi-locus types with humans. Furthermore, interpretation of genotyping data is complicated by the presence of multiple alleles that generate "double peaks" in sequencing files from PCR products, and by the potential exchange of genetic material among isolates, which may account for the non-concordance in the assignment of isolates to specific assemblages. Therefore, a better understanding of the genetics of this parasite is required to allow the design of more sensitive and variable subtyping tools, that in turn may help unravel the complex epidemiology of this infection. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2021
                25 June 2021
                : 28
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2021/01 )
                : 54
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy Chengdu 610066 PR China
                [2 ] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi 712100 PR China
                [3 ] Chongqing Three Gorges Polytechnic College Chongqing 404155 PR China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: yeyg0202@ 123456sina.com
                Article
                parasite210031 10.1051/parasite/2021052
                10.1051/parasite/2021052
                8237710
                34180807
                c7e74d94-3b5b-4abf-b97f-7df5d796bbc3
                © H. Tang et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2021

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 11 March 2021
                : 11 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Research Article

                giardia duodenalis,multi-locus genotyping,prevalence,rabbit,shaanxi province

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