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      The Application of the Rorschach Inkblot Test in the Study of Neural and Cognitive Aging

      research-article
      1 , , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
      Rorschachiana
      Hogrefe Publishing
      brain, EEG, MRI, personality

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          Abstract

          Abstract. The Rorschach Inkblot test has been adopted and adapted by many researchers to assess and predict different aspects of human experience and cognitive performance. The present review examines research that incorporates the Rorschach to evaluate neural and cognitive aging as well as decline in age-related disease. Specifically, differences in amygdala and cortical regions, as well as mirror neuron and asymmetrical hemisphere activity that correlate with specific responses to Rorschach stimuli are discussed in the context of typical changes in brain structure and function in the course of aging. In addition, the present review provides a proposed framework for expanding the use of the Rorschach to evaluate other domains of neural and cognitive function. The authors conclude that, despite a need for increased research, the Rorschach is a viable measure to evaluate certain aspects of cognitive function and decline throughout the lifespan.

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          Most cited references63

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          Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span.

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            Aging of cerebral white matter: a review of MRI findings.

            Cerebral aging is a complex and heterogeneous process that is associated with a high degree of inter-individual variability. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to identify and quantify non-disease-related aging of the cerebral white matter. The present article reviews the findings from several MRI techniques, including morphometric approaches, study of white matter hyperintensities, diffusion tensor imaging, and magnetization transfer imaging, that have been used to examine aging of the cerebral white matter. Furthermore, the relationship of MRI indices of white matter integrity to age-related cognitive declines is reported. A general pattern of age-related preservation and decline emerges indicating that the prefrontal white matter is most susceptible to the influence of age. Studies that combine MRI with cognitive measures suggest that such age-related reductions in white matter integrity may produce a disconnection state that underlies some of the age-related performance declines in age-sensitive cognitive domains. White matter aging may contribute to a disconnection state that is associated with declines in episodic memory, executive functions, and information processing speed. (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              The validity of individual Rorschach variables: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the comprehensive system.

              We systematically evaluated the peer-reviewed Rorschach validity literature for the 65 main variables in the popular Comprehensive System (CS). Across 53 meta-analyses examining variables against externally assessed criteria (e.g., observer ratings, psychiatric diagnosis), the mean validity was r = .27 (k = 770) as compared to r = .08 (k = 386) across 42 meta-analyses examining variables against introspectively assessed criteria (e.g., self-report). Using Hemphill's (2003) data-driven guidelines for interpreting the magnitude of assessment effect sizes with only externally assessed criteria, we found 13 variables had excellent support (r ≥ .33, p 50), 17 had good support (r ≥ .21, p .05), and 12 had no construct-relevant validity studies. The variables with the strongest support were largely those that assess cognitive and perceptual processes (e.g., Perceptual-Thinking Index, Synthesized Response); those with the least support tended to be very rare (e.g., Color Projection) or some of the more recently developed scales (e.g., Egocentricity Index, Isolation Index). Our findings are less positive, more nuanced, and more inclusive than those reported in the CS test manual. We discuss study limitations and the implications for research and clinical practice, including the importance of using different methods in order to improve our understanding of people.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                ror
                Rorschachiana
                Hogrefe Publishing
                1192-5604
                2151-206X
                April 29, 2020
                : 41
                : 1
                : 1-18
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
                [ 2 ]Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
                [ 3 ]Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
                [ 4 ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
                Author notes
                Eamonn Arble, Eastern Michigan University, 301R Science Complex, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA, E-mail earble2@ 123456emich.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9314-6911
                Article
                ror_41_1_1
                10.1027/1192-5604/a000120
                c7f366f1-b8b5-464e-b615-c00fd26fd7e0
                Copyright @ 2020
                History
                : September 9, 2018
                : November 20, 2019
                : November 24, 2019
                Categories
                Original Article

                Psychology,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                EEG,personality,brain,MRI
                Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                EEG, personality, brain, MRI

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