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      Hydrogeochemistry assessment of volcanic lakes in the Flores Island Protected Areas (Azores, Portugal) Translated title: Monitorização hidrogeoquímica de lagos vulcânicos das áreas protegidas na ilha das Flores (Açores, Portugal)

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          Abstract

          Azorean lakes represent strategic freshwater resources and are subject to unprecedented levels of anthropogenic disturbance. The Flores Island lakes contribute 5% of the total water volume of aquatic systems in the Azores and are an important habitat for freshwater species. Sampled lakes are located inside maars structures. Lake Negra, with a depth of 115m, is the deepest lake. The lakes water is cold, with thermal stratification observed during sampling campaigns. pH has varied from 5.43 to 9.94 and they are very dilute waters. Aquatic systems waters are fresh and of the Na-Cl and Na-Ca-HCO3 types. It is possible to identify three major processes that control the hydrogeochemical evolution of the lake water studied here: (1) a marine sea salt input due to atmospheric transportation and deposition; (2) the hydrolysis of volcanic rock and; (3) a contribution of mineral water flowing through the rim of the crater. Aquatic systems have no direct interaction with seepage of magmatic fluids, a common process in Azores lakes. The highest decline in lake water quality is related to anthropogenic activities.

          Translated abstract

          Os lagos vulcânicos dos Açores são reservas estratégicas de água doce que estão sujeitos a distúrbios no seu equilíbrio natural devido a factores antropogénicos. Os lagos dos Açores representam 5% do total do volume de água doce que os sistemas lacustres dos Açores encerram, constituindo um importante habitat para as espécies que habitam ou fazem uso destes recursos naturais. Os lagos estudados localizam-se no interior de maars e a Lagoa Negra, com uma profundidade de 115m é o lago mais profundo dos Açores., Durante as campanhas de amostragem, os lagos apresentaram estratificação de origem térmica, o pH varia entre valores ligeiramente ácidos a básicos, a água tem baixa mineralização e é fria. Os sistemas aquáticos estudados possuem água doce de tipologia cloretada sódica e as amostras de água dos sistemas de maior volume demonstram um enriquecimento em bicarbonato e cálcio. Foi possível identificar 3 processos que controlam o quimismo da água dos lagos: (1) a entrada de sais de origem marinha através do acarreio atmosférico; (2) a entrada em solução de elementos químicos através da interação água-rocha e (3) a entrada de água ligeiramente mineralizada na Lagoa Comprida através de duas nascentes localizadas no flanco SE desta lagoa. Os sistemas lacustres estudados apresentam resultados que indicam não haver interação de fluidos de origem magmática, processo que ocorre noutros lagos dos Açores. A degradação da qualidade da água dos sistemas lacustres estudados está relacionada com o processo de eutrofização.

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          Most cited references43

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          Freshwater Protected Areas: Strategies for Conservation

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            Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece.

            The application of different multivariate statistical approaches for the interpretation of a large and complex data matrix obtained during a monitoring program of surface waters in Northern Greece is presented in this study. The dataset consists of analytical results from a 3-yr survey conducted in the major river systems (Aliakmon, Axios, Gallikos, Loudias and Strymon) as well as streams, tributaries and ditches. Twenty-seven parameters have been monitored on 25 key sampling sites on monthly basis (total of 22,350 observations). The dataset was treated using cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis on principal components. CA showed four different groups of similarity between the sampling sites reflecting the different physicochemical characteristics and pollution levels of the studied water systems. Six latent factors were identified as responsible for the data structure explaining 90% of the total variance of the dataset and are conditionally named organic, nutrient, physicochemical, weathering, soil-leaching and toxic-anthropogenic factors. A multivariate receptor model was also applied for source apportionment estimating the contribution of identified sources to the concentration of the physicochemical parameters. This study presents the necessity and usefulness of multivariate statistical assessment of large and complex databases in order to get better information about the quality of surface water, the design of sampling and analytical protocols and the effective pollution control/management of the surface waters.
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              Impervious Surfaces and Water Quality: A Review of Current Literature and Its Implications for Watershed Planning

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rgci
                Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
                RGCI
                Associação Portuguesa dos Recursos Hídricos (Lisboa )
                1646-8872
                June 2014
                : 14
                : 2
                : 321-334
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Massachessetts Amherst USA
                [2 ] Universidade dos Açores Portugal
                Article
                S1646-88722014000200012
                10.5894/rgci494
                c805790c-2517-409c-84a8-ce676d3e323f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1646-8872&lng=en
                Categories
                WATER RESOURCES

                Oceanography & Hydrology
                Volcanic lakes,hydrogeochemistry,eutrophication,Flores Island (Azores),Lagos vulcânicos,hidrogeoquímica,eutrofização,Ilha das Flores (Açores)

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