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      Decompensated Heart Failure in the Setting of Kidney Dysfunction: A Community-Wide Perspective

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          Abstract

          Background: Patients with heart failure (HF) and kidney disease have a poor long-term outlook which has provided impetus for the identification of factors of prognostic importance and more fully understanding the impact of kidney dysfunction in patients with HF. Objectives: Our objectiveswere to describe the characteristics, hospital treatment practices, as well as hospital and long-term outcomes in patients with varying degrees of kidney dysfunction who were hospitalized with acute HF at all medical centers in a large New England metropolitan area. Methods: Residents of the Worcester metropolitan area hospitalized with clinical findings of decompensated HF at 11 greater Worcester medical centers during 1995 and 2000 comprised the study sample. Kidney function was classified into 4 categories of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for purposes of analysis: <30 (n = 569), 30–44 (n = 725), 45–59 (n = 763), and ≧60 (n = 2,293) ml/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>. Results: The average age of the study sample was 76 years and 57% were women. Patients with severe kidney dysfunction were less likely to receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics and digoxin during hospitalization for acute HF compared to patients with more normal kidney function. Patients with lower eGFR levels had higher in-hospital and post-discharge death rates in comparison to those with higher levels of eGFR. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the impact of renal impairment on the prognosis of patients with decompensated HF. Our findings highlight the less than optimal management of these high-risk patients. Increased surveillance and enhanced treatment of patients with HF and kidney dysfunction remains warranted to improve the survival outlook of these patients.

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          Most cited references23

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          The epidemiology of heart failure: The Framingham Study

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            Renal insufficiency and heart failure: prognostic and therapeutic implications from a prospective cohort study.

            The prevalence, prognostic import, and impact of renal insufficiency on the benefits of ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers in community-dwelling patients with heart failure are uncertain. We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of 754 patients with heart failure who had ejection fraction, serum creatinine, and weight measured at baseline. Median age was 69 years, and 43% had an ejection fraction > or =35%. By the Cockcroft-Gault equation, 118 patients (16%) had creatinine clearances or =60 mL/min, although these drugs were used less frequently in patients with renal insufficiency. Renal insufficiency is more prevalent in patients with heart failure than previously reported and is an independent prognostic factor in diastolic and systolic dysfunction. ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers were associated with similar reductions in mortality in patients with and without renal insufficiency.
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              The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

              The present analysis examines the prognostic implications of moderate renal insufficiency in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Chronic elevations in intracardiac filling pressures may lead to progressive ventricular dilation and heart failure progression. The ability to maintain fluid balance and prevent increased intracardiac filling pressures is critically dependent on the adequacy of renal function. This is a retrospective analysis of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Trials, in which moderate renal insufficiency is defined as a baseline creatinine clearance <60 ml/min, as estimated from the Cockroft-Gault equation. In the SOLVD Prevention Trial, multivariate analyses demonstrated moderate renal insufficiency to be associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality (Relative Risk [RR] 1.41; p = 0.001), largely explained by an increased risk for pump-failure death (RR 1.68; p = 0.007) and the combined end point death or hospitalization for heart failure (RR 1.33; p = 0.001). Likewise, in the Treatment Trial, multivariate analyses demonstrated moderate renal insufficiency to be associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality (RR 1.41; p = 0.001), also largely explained by an increased risk for pump-failure death (RR 1.49; p = 0.007) and the combined end point death or hospitalization for heart failure (RR 1.45; p = 0.001). Even moderate degrees of renal insufficiency are independently associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure, largely explained by an increased risk of heart failure progression. These data suggest that, rather than simply being a marker of the severity of underlying disease, the adequacy of renal function may be a primary determinant of compensation in patients with heart failure, and therapy capable of improving renal function may delay disease progression.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NEC
                Nephron Clin Pract
                10.1159/issn.1660-2110
                Nephron Clinical Practice
                S. Karger AG
                1660-2110
                2007
                January 2008
                22 October 2007
                : 107
                : 4
                : c147-c155
                Affiliations
                aDepartment of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, R.I., and bDepartment of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass., USA; cDepartment of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada
                Article
                110035 Nephron Clin Pract 2007;107:c147–c155
                10.1159/000110035
                17957126
                c8385efc-57cd-4317-b400-72c4451e7343
                © 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 15 March 2007
                : 21 June 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, References: 28, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Heart failure,Kidney disease
                Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology
                Heart failure, Kidney disease

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