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      Periodontitis necrotizante-diagnóstico y tratamiento. Reporte de caso Translated title: Necrotizing periodontitis-diagnosis and treatment. Case report

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La periodontitis necrotizante (NP) es una enfermedad inflamatoria aguda que puede aparecer de forma repentina y con rápida destrucción de los tejidos periodontales. Los hallazgos clínicos más relevantes son necrosis y úlcera en la papila interdental, sangrado gingival, dolor, destrucción ósea y, en casos severos, puede ocurrir secuestro óseo. Aunque el factor etiológico principal es la acumulación de biofilm bacteriano, los factores de riesgo como las enfermedades sistémicas y/o psicológicas podrían afectar la respuesta inmune del huésped y jugar un papel importante en el desarrollo de NP. Objetivo: Presentar la resolución de un caso de PN con un enfoque multidisciplinario y conservador. Presentación del caso: Paciente de sexo femenino de 22 años que fue remitida al Centro de Clínicas Odontológicas de la Universidad de Talca (Talca, Chile) con aparente estrés psicológico y fumadora. Refiere dolor intenso y persistente en los dientes anteriores con sangrado espontáneo y halitosis durante 2 semanas. El tratamiento consistió en la evaluación de la condición sistémica y el manejo de la fase aguda, la fase etiológica y posterior fase correctiva para la corrección quirúrgica de las secuelas. Este caso tiene 2 años de seguimiento con un riguroso régimen de mantenimiento periodontal, reevaluando los tejidos periodontales, motivando y reforzando la higiene bucal. Conclusiones: Este caso clínico contribuye al diagnóstico y opciones terapéuticas que tiene el profesional ante las secuelas que se presentan en los casos de PN, que, si bien no es una patología frecuente, puede avanzar rápidamente y aumentar el daño tisular.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Necrotizing periodontitis (NP) is an acute inflammatory disease that can appear suddenly and with fast destruction of periodontal tissues. The most relevant clinical findings are necrosis and ulcer at the interdental papilla, gingival bleeding, pain, bone destruction, and, in severe cases, bone sequestrum could occur. Although the primary etiological factor is the accumulation of bacterial biofilm, risk factors like systemic and/or psychological diseases could affect the host immune response playing an important role in the development of NP. Objective: Present the resolution of a PN case with a multidisciplinary and conservative approach. Case presentation: A 22-year-old female patient was referred to the Dental Clinics Center of the University of Talca (Talca, Chile) with apparent psychological stress and smoker. She reports intense and persistent pain in the anterior teeth with spontaneous bleeding and halitosis for 2 weeks.The treatment consisted of the evaluation of the systemic condition and the management of the acute phase, the etiological phase, and subsequent corrective phase for the surgical correction for the sequels. This case has 2 years follow-up with a rigorous periodontal maintenance regimen, re-evaluating the periodontal tissues, motivating, and reinforcing oral hygiene. Conclusions: This case report contributes to the diagnosis and therapeutic options that the professional has in front of the sequels that occur in cases of NP, which, although it is not a frequent pathology, can quickly worsen and increase tissue damage.

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          Acute periodontal lesions (periodontal abscesses and necrotizing periodontal diseases) and endo-periodontal lesions

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            Acute periodontal lesions.

            This review provides updates on acute conditions affecting the periodontal tissues, including abscesses in the periodontium, necrotizing periodontal diseases and other acute conditions that cause gingival lesions with acute presentation, such as infectious processes not associated with oral bacterial biofilms, mucocutaneous disorders and traumatic and allergic lesions. A periodontal abscess is clinically important because it is a relatively frequent dental emergency, it can compromise the periodontal prognosis of the affected tooth and bacteria within the abscess can spread and cause infections in other body sites. Different types of abscesses have been identified, mainly classified by their etiology, and there are clear differences between those affecting a pre-existing periodontal pocket and those affecting healthy sites. Therapy for this acute condition consists of drainage and tissue debridement, while an evaluation of the need for systemic antimicrobial therapy will be made for each case, based on local and systemic factors. The definitive treatment of the pre-existing condition should be accomplished after the acute phase is controlled. Necrotizing periodontal diseases present three typical clinical features: papilla necrosis, gingival bleeding and pain. Although the prevalence of these diseases is not high, their importance is clear because they represent the most severe conditions associated with the dental biofilm, with very rapid tissue destruction. In addition to bacteria, the etiology of necrotizing periodontal disease includes numerous factors that alter the host response and predispose to these diseases, namely HIV infection, malnutrition, stress or tobacco smoking. The treatment consists of superficial debridement, careful mechanical oral hygiene, rinsing with chlorhexidine and daily re-evaluation. Systemic antimicrobials may be used adjunctively in severe cases or in nonresponding conditions, being the first option metronidazole. Once the acute disease is under control, definitive treatment should be provided, including appropriate therapy for the pre-existing gingivitis or periodontitis. Among other acute conditions affecting the periodontal tissues, but not caused by the microorganisms present in oral biofilms, infectious diseases, mucocutaneous diseases and traumatic or allergic lesions can be listed. In most cases, the gingival involvement is not severe; however, these conditions are common and may prompt an emergency dental visit. These conditions may have the appearance of an erythematous lesion, which is sometimes erosive. Erosive lesions may be the direct result of trauma or a consequence of the breaking of vesicles and bullae. A proper differential diagnosis is important for adequate management of the case.
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              Aggressive and acute periodontal diseases.

              Inflammatory periodontal diseases are highly prevalent, although most of these diseases develop and progress slowly, often unnoticed by the affected individual. However, a subgroup of these diseases include aggressive and acute forms that have a relatively low prevalence but show a rapid-course, high rate of progression leading to severe destruction of the periodontal tissues, or cause systemic symptoms that often require urgent attention from healthcare providers. Aggressive periodontitis is an early-onset, destructive disease that shows a high rate of periodontal progression and distinctive clinical features. A contemporary case definition of this disease is presented. Population studies show that the disease is more prevalent in certain geographic regions and ethnic groups. Aggressive periodontitis is an infectious disease, and recent data show that in affected subjects the subgingival microbiota is composed of a mixed microbial infection, with a wide heterogeneity in the types and proportions of microorganisms recovered. Furthermore, there are significant differences in the microbiota of the disease among different geographic regions and ethnicities. There is also evidence that the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemycomitans-JP2 clone may play an important role in the development of the disease in certain populations. The host response plays an important role in the susceptibility to aggressive periodontitis, where the immune response may be complex and involve multiple mechanisms. Also, genetic factors seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease, but the mechanisms of increased susceptibility are complex and not yet fully understood. The available data suggest that aggressive periodontitis is caused by mutations either in a few major genes or in multiple small-effect genes, and there is also evidence of gene-gene and gene-environment interaction effects. Diagnostic methods for this disease, based on a specific microbiologic, immunologic or genetic profile, currently do not exist. Genetic markers have the potential to be implemented as screening tools to identify subjects at risk. This approach may significantly enhance treatment outcome through the early detection and treatment of affected subjects, as well as using future approaches based on gene therapy. At present, the treatment of this disease is directed toward elimination of the subgingival bacterial load and other local risk factors. Adjunctive use of appropriate systemic antibiotics is recommended and may contribute to a longer suppression of the microbial infection. Other aggressive forms of periodontal diseases occur in patients who are affected with certain systemic diseases, including the leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome, Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome and Down syndrome. Management of the periodontal component of these diseases is very challenging. Acute gingival and periodontal lesions include a group of disorders that range from nondestructive to destructive forms, and these lesions are usually associated with pain and are a common reason for emergency dental consultations. Some of these lesions may cause a rapid and severe destruction of the periodontal tissues and loss of teeth. Oral infections, particularly acute infections, can spread to extra-oral sites and cause serious medical complications, and even death. Hence, prompt diagnosis and treatment are paramount.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                odonto
                Avances en Odontoestomatología
                Av Odontoestomatol
                Ediciones Avances, S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0213-1285
                2340-3152
                December 2022
                : 38
                : 4
                : 164-168
                Affiliations
                [3] Talca Maule orgnameUniversidad de Talca orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Escuela de Odontologia, Departamento de Estomatologia Chile
                [1] Ribeirão Preto orgnameUniversidad de São Paulo orgdiv1Facultad de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto Brasil
                [2] São Paulo orgnameGuarulhos University orgdiv1Dental Research Division Brasil
                Article
                S0213-12852022000400006 S0213-1285(22)03800400006
                10.4321/s0213-12852022000400006
                c83c0724-0814-4ad3-97d9-b827befe9d28

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 February 2022
                : 04 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 5
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                SciELO Spain

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                periodontitis necrosante,periodontal treatment,necrotizing periodontitis,necrotizing periodontal diseases,diagnosis,Case report,tratamiento periodontal,Reporte de caso,diagnóstico,enfermedadesperiodontalesnecrotizantes

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