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      Is Rumination a Risk and a Protective Factor?

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          Abstract

          High trait positive affect (PA) protects against depressive symptoms through cognitive responses such as rumination. However, how rumination in response to positive emotions (positive rumination) protects against depressive symptoms while rumination in response to negative emotions (brooding) predicts depressive symptoms is poorly understood. We hypothesized that (a) positive rumination and brooding represent a shared cognitive process of affect amplification on distinct affective content and (b) less brooding and greater positive rumination would distinctly mediate greater trait PA in predicting fewer depressive symptoms. Our prospective design among 321 adults first compared three confirmatory factor analysis models of the relationship between brooding and positive rumination. We then utilized structural equation modeling to examine whether brooding and positive rumination mediated the relationship between trait PA and depressive symptoms, controlling for baseline depressive symptoms, trait negative affect (NA), and the distinct effects of each mediator. Results supported a conceptualization of brooding and positive rumination as distinct but related constructs, represented as a common process of affect amplification to explain how rumination may amplify resilience or risk in predicting depressive symptoms (χ = 195.07, Δχ = 8.78, p < .001, CFI = .91, RMSEA = .07). Furthermore, positive rumination and brooding were distinctly predicted by trait PA, suggesting that trait PA exerts distinct effects on protective and risk forms of rumination. Less brooding mediated the relationship between greater trait PA and fewer depressive symptoms (β = -.04, p = .012), but positive rumination did not (β = .02, p = .517). Rumination may represent a protective and a risk factor, which may better enable individuals who brood to redirect their rumination on positive content and thereby reduce their risk of depressive symptoms.

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          Most cited references45

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          The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population

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            The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.

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              Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations.

              Mediation is said to occur when a causal effect of some variable X on an outcome Y is explained by some intervening variable M. The authors recommend that with small to moderate samples, bootstrap methods (B. Efron & R. Tibshirani, 1993) be used to assess mediation. Bootstrap tests are powerful because they detect that the sampling distribution of the mediated effect is skewed away from 0. They argue that R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny's (1986) recommendation of first testing the X --> Y association for statistical significance should not be a requirement when there is a priori belief that the effect size is small or suppression is a possibility. Empirical examples and computer setups for bootstrap analyses are provided.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                EJOP
                Eur J Psychol
                Europe's Journal of Psychology
                Eur. J. Psychol.
                PsychOpen
                1841-0413
                03 March 2017
                : 13
                : 1
                : 28-46
                Affiliations
                [a ] Seattle Pacific University , Seattle, WA, USA
                [2]The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, United States
                Author notes
                [* ]Seattle Pacific University, USA, Marston 107, 3307 3rd Ave West, Suite 107, Seattle, WA 98119. Tel.: (425) 533-3621. hardingk@ 123456spu.edu
                Article
                ejop.v13i1.1279
                10.5964/ejop.v13i1.1279
                5342309
                c842e492-4a54-4dba-a62f-778abaab91d8
                Copyright @ 2017

                All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 27 August 2016
                : 26 October 2016
                Categories
                Research Reports

                Psychology
                broaden-and-build,depression,rumination,resiliency,affect
                Psychology
                broaden-and-build, depression, rumination, resiliency, affect

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